Category Archives: Adaptation

AMS, HAPE, HACE: A view from the High Andes

 

Much to many world scientists’ surprise, a group of sea-level “International high altitude experts” who defend a different point of view, wrote to the Chief Editor of the prestigious journal Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology questioning our article: “Acute Mountain Sickness, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema, and High Altitude Cerebral Edema: A view from the High Andes” by Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja [his CV] and Dr. Natalia Zubieta-DeUrioste, published in Volume 287, May 2021 of the Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. Available as a Pre-print here. A full Journal printed scan version is available on request from the authors. Please send us an email.

 

full version copy available on request from authors at gzubietajr@gmail.com

The questions asked were properly answered with evidence-based medicine by the authors in a letter to the publishers. In order to find a solution, it was decided to stamp “RETRACTION” on the article (which would block the possibility of citations).

Interestingly, the same article received multiple congratulations and support. Simultaneously, the prestigious International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health with an Impact Factor of 3.3 asked the author for an extension of the paper. Consequently, “The Oxygen Transport Triad in High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema: A Perspective from the High Andes” was published. In it, several of the questions are addressed.

Many scientists from around the world are giving their support asking for a NO RETRACTION of the paper, as any questioning should follow a standard course through a Letter to the Editor.

Some comments of support by very distinguished scientists of include:

Dear Gustavo
You have taken the right step for world scholars’ opinion to the journal.
I am always with you and will be.
It is disgusting to see some Western scientists’ attitudes towards Latin America and South Asian community fellow colleagues.
Science always prevails with experience, observation, and truth. Yes I agree that nothing is a universal truth in science and that is the beauty of science but ‘what I think is always right and there will not be any “alternate hypothesis” is a shallow mindset of a few people who never tested their own hypothesis in other environments.
Your research and honesty are beyond any doubt. You are not only a great scientist but also a great physician with credibility.
I did not find anything wrong or unscientific in this interesting thought-provoking research article with facts and deep logical analysis. To me, it is a great Science and I shall teach your alternate but strong theories and explanations to my University students without hesitations as a great novel contribution of high altitude biology.
I believe your work is a part of the progress of science for serving humanity!

I not only oppose the idea of this great publication retraction but also condemn it.

Regards

Kusal K.Das, PhD, FRSB
Distinguished Chair Professor in Vascular Physiology
Laboratory of Vacular Physiogy and Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
BLDE ( Deemed to be University ), Vijayapur,
Karnataka, India (560m)
Former Vising Professor
School of Medicine
University of Leeds, UK
( 2014 – 2016 )
Hony.Fellow
Karnataka Academy of Science & Technogy
Government of Karnataka
President
South Asian Association of Physiologists ( HO. University of Colombo ).
President’s message, above.
Member of International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS)
IUPS is the world body of physiologists with 84 countries and hundred societies


Dear Gustavo,
I fully support your publication. My details are as follows.

Prof. Praveen Sharma      
PhD (Med), FACBI, FAMS, FAACC
Professor of Biochemistry,
(Former Head Biochemistry,
Dean (Research) & Controller of Examinations),
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 
Jodhpur-342005 ( India)
President ACBI (2003-2004 and 2014-2015)
President, InSLAR (2017 to date)
Chair, IFCC-CCLM (2020-to date)

Director, South East Asia on WASPaLM Board (2021 to date)
Editor-in-Chief, IJCB (2006 to date),
Chairman, APFCB Congress and Conferences (2019 to date)

Chairman, APFCB Communication committee (2010-2019)
Chief Editor, APFCB News (2010-2019)
Director, NRCLPI, Jodhpur (2014 to date)
Assessor (NABL )
International Lead Assessor (AERSSC)

Mobile:+91-8003996869
            +91-9414044562

Email:    praveensharma55@gmail.com

 sharmapr@aiimsjodhpur.edu.in



Someone has to pioneer the road to higher consciousness through scientific exploration. You have. Your paper is stellar and ahead of its time.
There was a saying in the 1960s I abide by: “keep on keeping on.”
Be proud of your forward-thinking ideals. Westerners will catch up to you in time.

Dr. Kathryn Rossie, PhD
Clinical Psychologist
Researcher
Author, Publisher, and Editor
Consultant: International level. Private Practice Consultation: California.
Professor of the Neuroscience Institute for Psychotherapists of San Lorenzo Maggiore, Italy.
Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and Vice President:
The Ernest Lawrence Rossi Non-Profit Foundation for Psychosocial Genomics Research
Board of Directors: The Milton H. Erickson Foundation Press
Founding Director of the Milton H. Erickson Institue of the California Central Coast (MHE-CCC)


All high altitude researchers in India including HPRC (High Altitude Physiology Research Cell, Darjeeling), high altitude research facilities St John’s team, Defense Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS) are all in support of the research paper published by Professor Gustavo et al. We require scientific community to take this concept forward without any bias and come out with the most appropriate guidance documents to manage chronic Hypoxia.
With regards,

Dr Thuppil Venkatesh
President
International Society of Chronic Hypoxia
CEO and Director
Chairman Indian Society for Lead awareness and research and
Director
The National Referral Center for Lead Poisoning Prevention in India (NRCLPI)
Foundation for Quality India (FQI)
The Lead Man of India
Professor Emeritus
Biochemistry Department St John’s Medical College
Bangalore, India


Dear Gustavo, 

Thank you for the materials you sent me. I need some time to study these materials more closely, delving into the arguments and comparing them. 

Being a specialist in some intracellular molecular mechanisms of adaptation to hypoxia, I will not take the responsibility to take part in the discussion on issues of respiratory physiology and practical medicine.  

However, in any case, I consider the precedent of retraction of the already published article extremely dangerous. This not only destroys constructive scientific discussion, based on the freedom of publication by each of the side of its position and arguments. This also threatens us with an Orwellian dystopia of an unpredictable changing past. This precedent is especially dangerous in conditions when more and more scientific journals have only an electronic version and are not published in paper form. With this approach, we can get a situation where, with each change of the prevailing concepts in science, articles previously published in electronic journals will “disappear” as if they never existed

Of course, I join to letter to the Chief Editor and Publishers asking for NO RETRACTION.

Sincerely,  

Dr. Sergei Alexandrovich Stroev, PhD
I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia (2000-2015), University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Finland (2001-2014).

P.S. By the way, I was somewhat surprised by point 4 of your opponents’ objections, where they state: «“adaptation” must be limited to genetically transmissible changes because they are integrated into the gene pool of a particular population or species». 

My thesis, which I successfully defended in University of Tampere was called “The role of endogenous protein antioxidants in neuronal adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia”.

https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/95013/978-951-44-9354-6.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

The dissertation dealt with adaptation to hypoxia of cells and the organism as a whole at the level of regulation of the expression of individual proteins without any genetically transmissible changes (I will not vouch for epigenetic changes in this model – I have not studied this issue). And the term “adaptation” in this sense of an individual, not related to genetic changes, adaptation did not cause any objections from highly professional opponent, reviewers and many specialists who were present at the defense of the thesis.

Many other authors use this term in the same meaning, for example: 

Samoilov M.O. Brain and adaptation. Molecular and cellular mechanisms. St. Petersburg, 

1999. 272 p. (In Russian). 

Portnichenko V.I., Nosar V.I., Sydorenko A.M., Portnichenko A.H., Man’kovs’ka I.M. 

Continuous adaptation of rats to hypobaric hypoxia prevents stressor hyperglycemia and optimizes mitochondrial respiration under acute hypoxia. Fiziol Zh. 2012 b. 58(5): 56-64 (In Ukrainian, summary in English). 

Meerson F., Pozharov V., Minyailenko T. Superresistance against hypoxia after 

preliminary adaptation to repeated stress. J Appl Physiol. 1994. 76(5): 1856-1861. 

Lukyanova L.D., Sukoyan G.V., Kirova Y.I. Role of proinflammatory factors, nitric 

oxide, and some parameters of lipid metabolism in the development of immediate adaptation to hypoxia and HIF-1α accumulation. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2013. 154(5): 597-601. 

Lu G., Ding D., Shi M. Acute adaptation of mice to hypoxic hypoxia. Biol Signals Recept. 1999. 8(4-5): 247-255. 

49 world distinguished scientists have supported the quality of this article. We are most thankful !

See the letter of support by
49 outstanding scientists here.

as of Aug 5, 2021

We also have great support from a growing number of people 1,789 as of Aug 20, 2021 that also support our article.

 

 

The original article was printed in the Volume 287, May 2021 of the Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology journal

 

We have just published our latest enhanced version in the top level Journal Reviews on Environmental Health, responding to the observations made by those 17 “sea level high-altitude experts”.

Our latest publication May 2022

The link to this article is: 

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/reveh-2021-0172/html

Chronic Mountain Sickness Discussion prior to the International Consensus Statement on Chronic and Subacute High Altitude Diseases – Zubieta observations

CONSENSUS STATEMENT by and Ad Hoc Committee of the International Society for Mountain Medicine on CHRONIC HIGH ALTITUDE DISEASES

Xining, August 2004

These guidelines are established to inform the medical services onsite, who are directed to solve high altitude health problems, about the definition, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the most common high altitude diseases. The health problems associated with life at high altitude are well documented, but health policies and procedures often do not reflect current state-of-art knowledge. Most of the cases of high altitude diseases are preventable if onsite personnel identify the condition and implement appropriate care.

This consensus statement has been developed by medical/scientific experts from the Committee experienced in the recognition and prevention of high altitude diseases.

Affiliations of the Ad Hoc Committee on Chronic High Altitude Diseases

Co-Chairs : Fabiola León-Velarde (UPCH, ISMM and ARPE, Perú) and

                     John T. Reeves (……., USA).

Committee : Almaz Aldashev (…….,, Kyrgyz Republic) ; Ingrid Asmus (……. ; USA) ; Luciano Bernardi (…….., Italy) ; Ri-Li Ge  (……, China);  Peter Hackett (ISMM and WMS, USA); Toshio Kobayashi (…….., Japan) ; Marco Maggiorini (…….., Switzerland);  Lorna G. Moore (ISMM, USA) ; Dante Peñaloza (UPCH, Perú) ; Jean Paul Richalet  (ISMM and ARPE, France); Robert Roach  (ISMM, USA); Tianyi Wu (…….., China) ; Enrique Vargas  (ISMM and IBBA, Bolivia) ; Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo, Sr., ; Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja, Jr. (ISMM, IPPA, Bolivia)

At this point, the Zubieta draft (click here) for the final version to be defined in Xining, China, was sent by us.

At Xining we were mostly ignored with our concepts, where we were the ones actually diagnosing and treating these patients in the cities of La Paz, and El Alto, Bolivia between 3,100 to 4,100m of altitude.

The final version of the Consensus Statement on Chronic and Subacute High Altitude Diseases can be found here.

It becomes clearly evident that of all the references we provided, only one was included. The rest were totally droped out.

This meant a great loss for the high altitude health systems around the world, since 2005 (16 years as of 2021 when this article was writen).

We did achieve that the term “Loss of Adaptation” be dropped but it continues to be used regularly as of 2021.

Nevertheless, it was during this time that we received an email that Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo responded after some time as a public letter entitle “FOREVER, LOSS OF ADAPTATION DOES NOT EXIST

Chronic Mountain Sickness Discussion prior to the International Consensus Statement on Chronic and Subacute High Altitude Diseases – Letter by Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo to Jack Reeves

Dear Jack:

FIRST:

This is how we are seeing some general medical aspects at our institution:

a) When normal animals or human beings ascend to altitude the two pumps, hemo-dynamic and neumo-dynamic play a fundamental role in acute adaptation to hypoxia as has been nicely described by many authors.

b) In normal and subjects with disease of diverse etiology, the increase of hemoglobin is the most effective mechanism of adaptation.

c) When there is tissue hypoxia, independent of its cause the increase of hemoglobin is closely related with the degree of hypoxia, resembling the altitude effect.

d) This increase in hemoglobin is due, for example, to the presence of pulmonary shunt of varied etiology, from which the principal is anatomo-pathologic lesions as: the destruction, obstruction, or impermeability of the pulmonary alveoli with preservation of the alveoli capillary net. The lesions that more often produce shunt are: the macro and micro thromboembolism due to endothelial damage in the venous system as in phlebitis, certain forms of skin cancer, parasites, smoking, etc.

e) In the lungs the arterialized pulmonary veins blood (already hypoxic due to altitude) mixes with non-arterialized blood of the alveolar shunt, then goes to all organs with  low oxygen tension, unsaturated. The kidney responds with the erythropoyetin and the bone marrow with the erythrocyte production.

f) Adaptation  mechanisms to acute and chronic hypoxia are the same, the only difference is their time of action.

g) The benefit of low ascent is based on the necessary time for hemoglobin to be produced, in order to reach the normal value for a certain altitude.

h) Hemoglobin during hypoxia increases oxygen content (CaO2) and respiration is regulated according to the metabolism at rest and during exercise.  The CaO2 is reduced to the minimum during sleep. Hypoventilation due to “ relative hyperoxia “ at the nervous centers level regulates respiratory frequency.

  • OF COURSE, WE DON’T EXCLUDE THE ROLE THAT OTHER SYSTEMS PLAY DURING ADAPTATION,  AS THE NEUROENDOCRINE, THE ADRENAL SYMPATHETIC, AND OTHERS. BUT THIS IS ANOTHER FIELD OF STUDY BEING DONE BY OTHERS.

SECOND:

Thank you so much for your comments on the subject of CaO2 and PaO2 in respiratory control. It is a privilege to exchange ideas in this matter with you.

I will freely express the following points, which are based on observations at our laboratory, which up to now are unfortunately unpublished. Of course, this is only some preliminary opinion.

We have been studying oxygen consumption of yeast and the oxyhemoglobin saturation curve in blood from normals and increased polycythemia, under the same experimental conditions. The difference is that yeast cells take longer to consume the oxygen from the polycythemic blood due to a higher oxygen content in hemoglobin, making the desaturation curve bulky and CaO2 can be calculated by integrating it. Yeast does not stop oxygen consumption down to a very low PO2 and CaO2 in the saturation curve: So you can assume that the same happens with all cells in the tissues.

The affinity of the cells for O2 is of such a degree that a small difference in pressure will be sufficient, depending on their metabolic rate and respiratory coefficient.

We were also studying the differences between normal and increased polycythemia during exercise. During all stages, SaO2 of increased polycythemia remained lower than in normals up to the end of the exercise protocol. The lower saturation reflects the low oxygen tension.  The non-sedentary patients tolerate very well the protocol with very low O2 tensions due to a sufficient amount of oxygen in the CaO2.

THIRD:

 As a consequence, – since nothing is absolute – , the following questions arise:

1) Is the increase of Hb necessary or unnecessary for adaptation to high altitude and particularly in tissue hypoxia due to disease? Can other mechanisms replace the role of Hb?

2) Is there a necessity of a great difference of PaO2  between the red cell  and the tissue cell? 

3) In polycytemia Vera and anemia are the mechanisms of metabolism different? How are the two pumps regulated?

That is what I can say for the moment, there’s more to come.

Gustavo Sr.

July-15-2004

Adaptation, genetic adaptation, physiological adaptation, intelligence, and Biospaceforming

Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja

High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute (HAPPI-IPPA)

Darwin

Abstract presented On Nov 4th, 2020 at the Darwin2020 conference in India.

Life seems to be a unique accident created by entropy within the physics of the Universe and its most precious gift with one critical attribute: resilience.

Life, the jewel creation of the Universe, is a mystery in which we have evolved thanks to Darwin by understanding evolution. Nevertheless, many questions remain.

Adaptation is the logical evolution step by step through millions of years based on random DNA mutation. This leaves an immense number of useless mutations most likely to end in extinction rather than survival.

I propose a new concept: Viruses (including the Coronavirus) can be a unique survival mechanism inducing favorable mutation. In COVID-19, for example, I have defined the viral attack and lung cell reproduction of the virus as Pneumolysis (Pneumo = lung, lysis = destruction). Viral RNA is introduced into cells not only to achieve self-replication but also to induce fundamental mutations in the surviving organism’s DNA. Those unable to survive will undergo “natural cleansing”, another fundamental aspect of evolution.

We agree with Darwin’s affirmations except in one aspect. Intelligence is essential for physiological adaptation and hence evolving with time to genetic adaptation. We think that viruses are not only life forms but are likewise “intelligent”.

Humans plan to set up a base on Mars based on intelligence. Without intelligence, there are practically zero possibilities that Earth’s Life is transferred to Mars. Moreover, the future “humans” genetics in space will have to change over many generations through “Biospaceforming” an end-result of intelligence and our future step.

U_V radiation protection against CoVid-2 at high altitude

The advantages of ultraviolet radiation in controlling the coronavirus at high-altitude

 

 / April 5, 2020 / 09:00

 

 Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja / Special for La Razón

As everyone on the planet knows, the coronavirus has attacked in a fierce way, due to its high speed of contagion and its physical characteristics. The advanced countries of the first world have suffered the impact in an alarming way. And they are fighting an almost uncontrollable battle.

In Bolivia, the Government has correctly made rapid quarantine decisions, which constitute an essential measure in order to avoid the subsequent overload of medical centers and especially intensive care units, which are very limited.

This is not an easy measure to carry out and understand in its complexity, but it is a fundamental defense mechanism to flatten the incidence curve. That is, instead of being initially exponential or hyperexponential (as I have called it, because it does not double every time, but one person can infect many at once), shooting upwards, it becomes a flattened quasi-logarithmic progression. In other words, a mathematical change occurs, very important in its evolution.

Ultra-violet radiation, a component of light that comes from the sun, is very strong at high altitudes in cities above 3,000 meters above sea level (especially) such as La Paz (3,100-4,100), El Alto (4000-4100), Oruro (3,800) and Potosí (4,000), in Bolivia.

The ultraviolet radiation index (UVindex) is considered to be at extreme levels in La Paz, as we found in a publication with Danish colleagues more than 10 years ago in the following graph, where the  top line is La Paz, Bolivia 3,600, and the bottom Copenhagen, Denmark

 

Radiacion Ultravioleta

Footnote: Kessel, L., Kofoed, PC, Zubieta-Calleja, GR & Larsen, M. Acta Opthalmologica.88 (2): 235-40, March 2009.

As an expert in altitude medicine, I was invited by Prof. Kusal Das to participate in the UNESCO International Forum on COVID-19 with Chairman Prof. Sinerik Ayrapetyan, on Friday, March 27.

Various experts spoke about the molecular characteristics of the coronavirus, of the incidences in their countries, such as Italy, the United States, India and Iran, among others. The mechanisms of action of the virus were analyzed and the search for different treatment techniques was discussed, taking into account many characteristics of the virus.

Next I expose part of what I exposed:

1) Ultraviolet radiation is a protection factor against this virus, because it is lethal. One of the ways the disease is transmitted is because it sits on surfaces where it stays alive for several hours and possibly even days.

But at high-altitude, solar radiation constitutes a sterilizer of all surfaces where the sun falls. That is why the streets in high-altitude cities benefit from this physical characteristic. As an expert, I always said that ultraviolet radiation was beneficial.

Of course, some are afraid of sun exposure because it could lead to skin cancer, but there are no systematic studies to prove these claims. The body adapts to the highest levels of radiation; otherwise people living in the highlands would have a high incidence of cancer, from a long time ago and nowadays.

Quite the contrary, ultraviolet radiation is now a formidable mechanism for our defense against the virus.

2) Dr. Jorge Solíz, from Laval University, Canada, also observed that in China there were no cases or they were very rare in the Tibet area. Together with other colleagues we are writing a scientific article on this topic. Dr. Kusal Das, from BLDE University, in India, where I am a “visiting professor”, likewise noted that there is lower incidence in high altitude areas in his country.

3) In December 2018 we published with my collaborator Dr. Natalia Zubieta de Urioste an article in relation to the advantages of life at high-altitude, in which we affirm that man lives longer at high-altitude.

We demonstrate this with a longevity graph in all Bolivian cities (based on Segip , local citizen registration office, data), which shows an upward curve starting in Pando at 300m and ending in Potosí at 4100m. In it we also mention the advantages of ultraviolet radiation at high-altitude.

4) Ultraviolet lights are currently being built for use in hospitals and intensive care rooms. Even a Bolivian company in Santa Cruz, whom I congratulate.

5) The low incidence of infections in Oruro, undoubtedly, is due to a strict quarantine (if I’m not mistaken, the first in the country). It deserves our recognition because at the moment the initial eight cases have not increased, with only “patient zero” is an imported case in Oruro).

But I must add that ultraviolet radiation, our ally in high-altitude cities, is also playing an important role. This does not mean, however, that other cases may not appear eventually, because there are many variables, but at the end of this pandemic the statistics will most likely show thatat high-altitude there was a lower incidence.

This does not mean, however, that you must let your guard down. There are also other technical aspects of adaptation to height that we will mention very shortly.

6) On January 30, 2020, in an interview with University Radio-Tv, thanks to a kind invitation from Johnny Villarroel, who directs the Disarmed Discourse program, in which Gonzalo Taboada, president of the Bolivian Academy of Sciences also participated , I stated the following:

That coronavirus treatment centers, with intensive care rooms, should be installed in remote and isolated areas of the cities so as to avoid contamination. I recommended that patients not be taken to centrally located hospitals, leaving them free to care for common illnesses.

In the case of La Paz, I suggested that it be in the highlands, precisely because there is more ultraviolet radiation there. But I also made a recommendation: subsequently, intensive therapy treatment rooms should have a partially glass ceiling, like skylights, to allow ultraviolet light to enter, in order to sterilize the environment in a natural way.

Hopefully in the future the importance of these suggestions will be understood.

7) The following graph shows the evolution of coronavirus infections in Bolivia in which it is clearly observed that in high-altitude cities (with broken lines) there is less incidence as a function of time:

An updated version can be found here.

8) It is also recommended that when someone arrives at home and takes off the clothes used on the street, they should expose them to the sun during this stage. This will allow the virus to be removed quickly (possibly 1/2 hour).

9) It is important to mention that, as inhabitants of the highlands, if one were to suffer a very severe case of CoVid-2 that evolves favorably, thanks to the treatments of the heroic doctors, nurses and health personnel in the highland areas, the consequences of the lung lesions could leave fibrosis (scars), hindering exercise capacity.

These people would develop a Chronic Mountain Sickness (PoliEritroCitemia),in more than a month and a half,  which is a compensatory mechanism against chronic respiratory insufficiency, .

Several are likely to be able to stay and develop their lives normally at high-altitude with proper medical care.

Finally, I must add that you should not let your guard down, because although there are fewer cases at altitude, there are cases, of course, and we must all respect the quarantine.

Other recommendations can be found online at our website: http://altitudeclinic.com/blog

Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja

He is a doctor, professor and director of the High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute  (IPPA)


Las ventajas de la radiación ultravioleta en el control del coronavirus en la altura

En Bolivia, el Gobierno ha tomado correctamente decisiones rápidas de cuarentena, que se constituyen una medida esencial a fin de evitar la sobrecarga posterior de los centros médicos y sobretodo de las unidades de terapia intensiva, que son muy limitadas

 / 5 de abril de 2020 / 09:00

 
 

 Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja/Especial para La Razón

Como todos en el planeta sabemos, el coronavirus ha atacado de una forma feroz, por su gran velocidad de contagio y sus características físicas. Los países avanzados del primer mundo han sufrido el impacto de una manera alarmante. Y están librando una batalla casi incontrolable.

En Bolivia, el Gobierno ha tomado correctamente decisiones rápidas de cuarentena, que se constituyen una medida esencial a fin de evitar la sobrecarga posterior de los centros médicos y sobretodo de las unidades de terapia intensiva, que son muy limitadas.

Ésta no es una medida fácil de llevar a cabo y entenderla en su complejidad, pero es un mecanismo de defensa fundamental para aplanar la curva de incidencia. Es decir, en vez de que sea inicialmente exponencial o hiperexponencial (como la he denominado, porque no se dobla cada vez, sino una persona puede contagiar a muchos a la vez), disparándose hacia arriba, se la vuelve una progresión cuasi logarítmica aplanada.

Es decir se produce un cambio matemático, muy importante en su evolución. La radiación ultra-violeta, componente de la luz que proviene del sol, es muy fuerte en la altura en las ciudades por encima de los 3.000 msnm (sobretodo) como La Paz (3.100-4.100), El Alto (4000-4100), Oruro (3.800) y Potosí (4000), en Bolivia.

Se considera que el índice de radiación ultravioleta (UVindex) está en niveles extremos en La Paz, como lo constatamos en una publicación con unos colegas daneses hace más de 10 años en la siguiente gráfica, donde la línea delgada es La Paz, Bolivia 3.600, y la gruesa Copenhagen, Dinamarca

Pie de gráfica: Kessel, L., Kofoed, P.C., Zubieta-Calleja, G.R. & Larsen, M. Acta Opthalmologica.88(2):235-40, March 2009.

Como experto en medicina de altura fui invitado a participar en el Forum Internacional sobre COVID-19 de la UNESCO, el viernes 27 de marzo, como único exponente de toda Sudamérica.

Diversos expertos hablaron sobre las características moleculares del coronavirus, de las incidencias en sus países, como Italia, Estados Unidos, India e Irán, entre otros. Se analizaron los mecanismos de acción del virus y se discute la búsqueda de diferentes técnicas de tratamiento, tomando en cuenta muchas características del virus.

A continuación expongo parte de lo que expuse:

1) La radiación ultravioleta es un factor de protección ante este virus, porque le resulta letal. Una de las formas de transmisión de la enfermedad es porque se asienta en superficies donde se mantiene con vida durante varias horas y posiblemente hasta días.

Pero en la altura, la radiación solar se constituye en un esterilizador de toda superficie donde cae el sol. Por eso las calles en las ciudades de altura se benefician de esta característica física de la altura. Como experto, siempre dije que la radiación ultravioleta era beneficiosa.

Por supuesto que algunos tienen miedo de exponerse al sol porque podría producir cáncer de la piel, pero no existen estudios sistemáticos que prueben estas afirmaciones. El organismo se adapta a los niveles más altos de radiación; de otra manera la gente que vive en el altiplano tendría mucha incidencia de cáncer, desde antes y en la actualidad.

Al contrario, la radiación ultravioleta ahora resulta un mecanismo formidable para nuestra defensa ante el virus.

2) El doctor Jorge Solíz, de Universidad de Laval, de Canadá, también observó que en China no hubo casos o fueron muy raros en la zona del Tíbet.

En forma conjunta con otros colegas estamos escribiendo un artículo científico sobre este tema. El doctor Kusal Das, de la BLDE University, en India, donde soy “professor visitante”, también notó que en las zonas de altura en su país hay menor incidencia.

3) En diciembre de 2018 publicamos con mi colaboradora la doctora Natalia Zubieta de Urioste un artículo en relación a las ventajas de la vida en la altura, en el que afirmamos que el hombre vive más largo en la altura.

Lo demostramos con un gráfico de longevidad en todas las ciudades de Bolivia (basada en datos del Segip), que muestra una curva ascendente empezando en Pando y terminado en Potosí.

Allí también mencionamos las ventajas de la radiación ultravioleta en la altura.

4) Actualmente se están construyendo luces ultravioleta para utilizar en los hospitales y salas de terapia intensiva. Incluso una compañía boliviana en Santa Cruz, a la que felicito.

5) La baja incidencia de contagios en Oruro, indudablemente, se debe a una cuarentena estricta (si no me equivoco, la primera en el país), que merece nuestro reconocimiento porque por el momento no han aumentado los ocho casos iniciales, que de los cuales, según tengo entendido, varios fueron importados por viajeros al exterior (ndR: solo la “paciente cero” es caso importado en Oruro).

Pero debo añadir que también está jugando un rol importante la radiación ultravioleta, nuestro aliado en las ciudades de altura. Eso no significa, sin embargo, que no puedan aparecen otros casos eventualmente, porque existen muchas variables, pero al final de esta pandemia las estadísticas muy probablemente demostrarán que en los lugares de altura hubo menor incidencia.

Esto no significa, sin embargo, que se debe bajar la guardia. También existen otros aspectos técnicos de adaptación a la altura que mencionaremos en una futura oportunidad.

6) El 30 de enero de 2020, en una entrevista de Radio-Tv Universitaria, gracias a una gentil invitación de Johnny Villarroel, quien dirige el programa Desarmado Discursivo, en el que también participó Gonzalo Taboada, presidente de la Academia de Ciencias de Bolivia, afirmé lo siguiente:

Que se deben instalar centros de tratamiento del coronavirus, con salas de terapia intensiva, en áreas alejadas y aisladas de las ciudades para no contaminar. Recomendé que no se lleven a los pacientes a los hospitales centralmente localizados, para dejarlos éstos libres para la atención de las enfermedades habituales.

En el caso de La Paz, sugerí que sea en el altiplano, justamente porque allí existe mayor radiación ultravioleta. Pero además hice una recomendación: posteriormente, las salas de tratamiento de terapia intensiva deberían tener el techo parcialmente de vidrio, como unas claraboyas, para permitir el ingreso de la luz ultravioleta, con el fin de producir la esterilización del ambiente en una forma natural.

Ojalá en el futuro se comprenda la importancia de estas sugerencias.

7) La siguiente gráfica muestra la evolución de las infecciones del coronavirus en Bolivia en la que se observa claramente que en las ciudades de altura (con líneas entrecortadas) hay menor incidencia en función del tiempo:

8) También se recomienda que cuando alguien llegue a su casa y se saque la ropa que usó en la calle, debe exponerla al sol durante esta etapa. Esto permitirá que el virus sea eliminado rápidamente.

9) Es importante mencionar que, como habitantes de la altura, si se llegara a sufrir un caso muy severo que al final evolucionara favorablemente, gracias a los tratamientos de los heroicos médicos, enfermeras y personal de salud en las zonas de altura, las secuelas de las lesiones pulmonares podrían dejar fibrosis (cicatrices), dificultando la capacidad para el ejercicio.

Estas personas desarrollarían en el lapso de más de un mes y medio una poliglobulia (PoliEritroCitemia), que es un mecanismo de compensación frente a la insuficiencia respiratoria crónica.

Es probable que varios puedan permanecer y desarrollar su vida normalmente en la altura con un cuidado médico adecuado.

Finalmente, debo añadir que no se debe bajar la guardia, porque aunque son menos los casos en la altura, existen casos y debemos respetar todos la cuarentena.

Otras recomendaciones pueden ser encontradas en línea en nuestra página web: http://altitudeclinic.com/blog

Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja

Es médico, profesor y director del Instituto Pulmonar y Patología en la Altura (IPPA)

BioSpaceForming: A new concept

BioSpaceForming
BioSpaceForming a creation of Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-CAlleja

What is    BioSpaceForming ?

BioSpaceForming is the adaptation of all living beings on earth to outer space. Humankind with the highest intelligence, evolving into the future beyond earth.

Bio = life    Space = Universe     Forming = Adaptation

Humans cannot expect to go to high altitude cities and continue to be sea-level residents. The same concept applies to space travel. Adaptation is a fundamental process in order to secure the survival of the species. One of the transcendental mechanisms of adaptation to high altitude is the increase of red blood cells. This is the biological response to chronic hypoxia that allows for the most efficient and less energy-consuming mechanism of oxygen transport to the tissues. One of the key issues is that Chronic Hypoxia becomes a fundamental tool. it gives humans and other species an advantage of survival, on earth, and even beyond earth.

This is explained with the Adaptation to High Altitude Formula that we created. Additionally and actually paradoxically, there is more tolerance to hypoxia, the higher one goes in altitude. On the summit of Mt. Everest at 8842m, humans are 6  fold more tolerant to hypoxia than at sea level. These fundamental observations show us that as we go high in a mountain we are actually reducing the barometric pressure and we are getting closer to space, where the pressure is 0.

Look for our Facebook Biospaceforming site for more details.

 

Space travel in chronic hypoxia

Reducing the pressure of spaceships is extremely important because it will signify a reduction of the wall strengthening materials and hence lighter spaceships. This not only reduces the weight for lift off, but it has biological advantages. Exposure to life under chronic hypoxia makes humans stronger, following a basic rule: what does not kill you, makes you stronger. This is proved by extended longevity at high altitude.

Furthermore and most importantly, the EVA suits can become more flexible with extended autonomy and this applies even those space suits used on Mars. Why? Because since the astronauts would be permanently adapted to life at high altitude, they would use less oxygen pressure.

Furthermore space travel with actual technology requires a lot of time. Our biological clocks are too short. This implies that in order to travel to relatively close planets, it will be a one-way flight. No round trip.   Hence why try to remain with the optimal body for earth habitation?. Why use so much oxygen pressure?  Why expect to live surrounded by an atmosphere with a sea level barometric pressure?  Why expect the future habitable planets to be like earth? Humans have to understand that it is not only the planets that have to be Terraformed; hypothetical process of deliberately modifying the atmosphere, temperature, surface topography or ecology of a planet, moon, or other body to be similar to the environment of Earth to make it habitable by Earth-like life. Mars is the first planet that is being proposed to be terraformed. It is us the biological beings that have to change and adapt to other worlds i.e. BioSpaceForming, and continue life and intelligence in totally different conditions.   The first paper where BioSpaceForming was originally described (for the first time in history Dec, 2018) can be read here:
https://zuniv.net/pub/BioSpaceForming.pdf   This was published in the BLDE Journal in India., thanks to Prof. Kusal Das.  

Actually, the first mention of Space travel in a Chronic Hypoxia Environment was written in a Dissertation entitled “Adaptation to High Altitude and to Sea Level: Acid-Base Equilibrium, Ventilation and Circulation in Chronic Hypoxia” at the Univ of Copenhagen, back in 2007.  It was then presented in the III Chronic Hypoxia Symposium entitled: THE HIGH ALTITUDE AND LOW ALTITUDE ADAPTATION STUDIES AND THEIR PRACTICAL APPLICATION TO TRAVEL IN HUMAN EXPLORATION OF SPACE
Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja (Jr), Natalia Zubieta-DeUrioste & Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo (Sr).
High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute (IPPA)
Zubieta University
La Paz, Bolivia  

And in subsequent Chronic Hypoxia Symposiums, the last one (as of this date,  Sept 2019) 7th Chronic Hypoxia Symposium.   But I was also invited to a Space Physiology Symposium in Varadero Cuba during the Panam2019 Physiology conference, by Alan Hargens.

alberto Dorta form Cuba, Alan Hargens form US and Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja from Bolivia at the Space Physiology Symposium
Alberto Dorta from Cuba, Alan Hargens from US and Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja from Bolivia at the Space Physiology Symposium in Varadero, Cuba
Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja during his conference in Cuba
Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja during his conference in Cuba showing that Biology helps surpass the Pressure Laws of Physics in Space.

The full conference on Space Travel in a Chronic Hypoxia Environment can be seen here.

Here is the second publication at the Revista Cubana de Investigaciones BioMedicas. in Sept 2019.

Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja and Jojo Sayson, a great friend!
Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja and Jojo Sayson, who develops exercise training equipment in space along with Alan Hargens, both great friends!
Jojo & Gustavo friendship appreciation Cuba 2019
Our correspondence with Jojo Sayson

Tolerance to Hypoxia

Abstract People living at sea level have poor tolerance to hypoxia. In striking contrast, humans experiencing hypoxia at high altitude live very well. How is it possible for man to tolerate extreme hypoxia at high altitude? In this article we propose a hypothesis that potentially explains the tolerance to hypoxia at high altitude. Close examination of values of hemoglobin and PaCO2 for an altitude of 3510 m  demonstrate that an increase in hemoglobin (Hb) and a decrease in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) are two essential changes that occur on high altitude exposure. We propose a formula :

Tolerance to hypoxia = Hb/PaCO2 * 3.01

We present evidence that the relationship between Hb and PaCO2 explains the tolerance to hypoxia at high altitude.

The Full published article PDF can be found here

Original citation: Gustavo R. Zubieta-Calleja, Gustavo Ardaya, Natalia Zubieta-De Urioste, Poul-Erik Paulev and Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo, http://altitudeclinic.com/blog/2013/04/tolerance-to-hypoxia/, April 10, 2013.

Formula originally published at: http://altitudeclinic.com/blog/2012/08/the-tolerance-to-hypoxia-formula/

Originally presented at LEH hypoxia symposium

at: http://altitudeclinic.com/blog/2012/09/the-lung-at-high-altitude/

The Tolerance to Hypoxia Formula

This is being presented for the first time at the Leh Hypoxia Symposium between Aug 3-5, 2012 and the Global Hypoxia Summit and 4th International conference on Chronic Hypoxia, held in New Dehli India between Aug 7-9, 2012.

Copyright by Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja – IPPA – La Paz, Bolivia

 

Evolucion de los conocimientos sobre la altura

Exercise testing
Exercise testing performed by Dr. Gustavo Ardaya Zubieta at the High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute, 2010

Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo y Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja

Publicado en la Revista Americana de Medicina Respiratoria 2011; 1: 5

 

Torricelli, Montgolfier y Pascal, podemos decir,
fueron los que sentaron los principios científicos
básicos para los estudios de la altura. Primero
tenía que conocerse físicamente qué era la altura,
había que cuantificarla y determinar que es exponencial.
Esto dio lugar a los estudios del efecto
de la menor presión parcial del oxigeno, conocido
como hipoxia, sobre la función respiratoria y
circulatoria.
La atmósfera y el aire que rodea al planeta y el
agua de los océanos contienen y están formados
por los mismos elementos: oxígeno, hidrógeno y
nitrógeno. Gracias a Torricelli tenemos el concepto
científico de que la atmósfera tiene peso, utilizando
primero el barómetro de agua, donde el peso es
igual a 10 metros de altura (= 1 atmósfera), reemplazando
luego por el mercurio que corresponde
a 760 mmHg (= 1 atmósfera). Además, el peso de
la atmósfera disminuye exponencialmente con la
altura y alcanza los 20,000 m aproximadamente.
En 1646 Torricelli y Pascal definen lo que hoy
conocemos como la atmósfera.
En la actualidad, un gran número de científicos
se dedican al estudio de la altura. Uno de ellos
es Peter Wagner, quien tiene amplia experiencia
como fisiólogo del intercambio gaseoso. El articulo
sobre el trabajo de Charles Houston en Operación
Everest II presentado en esta edición de la Revista
Americana de Medicina Respiratoria es muy interesante
como referencia. Él estudió las respuestas
fisiológicas de varios sujetos expuestos en una
cámara hipobárica a nivel de la cima del Monte
Everest. Cuando vino al 1er Congreso Mundial de
Medicina y Fisiología de la Altura en 1994 en La
Paz, Bolivia, Charles Houston, comentó que esa
experiencia le había costado “blood, sweat and
tears”; sangre, sudor y lagrimas. Esto debido a la
complejidad de dicho estudio y a las dificultades en
las relaciones humanas. Cuando entró a nuestro
laboratorio de función respiratoria en la ciudad
de La Paz, a 3510 m sobre el nivel del mar, al ver
nuestra cámara Hiperoxica/Hipoxica de Adaptación
a la Altura, exclamó “Oh, Barcroft’s glass
chamber!”. Le hizo recordar la cámara de vidrio de
Barcroft, donde estudió los gases en sangre arterial,
denudándose la arteria radial para observar los
cambios de concentración de oxígeno. Terminado
el experimento se ligó la arteria.
Nosotros utilizamos los valores de la presión
arterial de oxígeno en relación a la altura para
adaptarlos a los pacientes que sufren el mal de
montaña crónico en la ciudad de La Paz. En éstos
los niveles de oxígeno son comparables a los
detectados en el estudio de Charles Houston en la
“cima del Everest”. Esto nos indujo, entre otras
observaciones, a plantear la hipótesis de que el
hombre puede adaptarse a vivir en la extrema
hipoxia de la cima del Everest y desarrollamos la
formula: Adaptación = tiempo/altura.
Naturalmente, esta idea no es aceptada por los
que opinan que el hombre sólo puede vivir hasta los
5000 m, debido a que existen asentamientos humanos
en minas a esas alturas. La capacidad de tolerancia
a la altura es limitada por la hipoxia, el frío,
la capacidad de adaptación, falta de alimentación
adecuada y tiempo de adaptación insuficiente.
Bibliografía
- Zubieta-Castillo G, Zubieta-Calleja GR, Zubieta-Calleja L,
Zubieta-Calleja N. Adaptation to life at the altitude of the
summit of Mt. Everest. Fiziol Jornal 2003; 3: 110-7.

articulo original: http://www.ramr.org.ar/archivos/numero/ano_11_1_mzo_2011/mere1_5.pdf

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