Category Archives: Space

BioSpaceForming: A new concept

BioSpaceForming
BioSpaceForming a creation of Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-CAlleja

What is    BioSpaceForming ?

BioSpaceForming is the adaptation of all living beings on earth to outer space. Humankind with the highest intelligence, evolving into the future beyond earth.

Bio = life    Space = Universe     Forming = Adaptation

Humans cannot expect to go to high altitude cities and continue to be sea-level residents. The same concept applies to space travel. Adaptation is a fundamental process in order to secure the survival of the species. One of the transcendental mechanisms of adaptation to high altitude is the increase of red blood cells. This is the biological response to chronic hypoxia that allows for the most efficient and less energy-consuming mechanism of oxygen transport to the tissues. One of the key issues is that Chronic Hypoxia becomes a fundamental tool. it gives humans and other species an advantage of survival, on earth, and even beyond earth.

This is explained with the Adaptation to High Altitude Formula that we created. Additionally and actually paradoxically, there is more tolerance to hypoxia, the higher one goes in altitude. On the summit of Mt. Everest at 8842m, humans are 6  fold more tolerant to hypoxia than at sea level. These fundamental observations show us that as we go high in a mountain we are actually reducing the barometric pressure and we are getting closer to space, where the pressure is 0.

Look for our Facebook Biospaceforming site for more details.

 

Space travel in chronic hypoxia

Reducing the pressure of spaceships is extremely important because it will signify a reduction of the wall strengthening materials and hence lighter spaceships. This not only reduces the weight for lift off, but it has biological advantages. Exposure to life under chronic hypoxia makes humans stronger, following a basic rule: what does not kill you, makes you stronger. This is proved by extended longevity at high altitude.

Furthermore and most importantly, the EVA suits can become more flexible with extended autonomy and this applies even those space suits used on Mars. Why? Because since the astronauts would be permanently adapted to life at high altitude, they would use less oxygen pressure.

Furthermore space travel with actual technology requires a lot of time. Our biological clocks are too short. This implies that in order to travel to relatively close planets, it will be a one-way flight. No round trip.   Hence why try to remain with the optimal body for earth habitation?. Why use so much oxygen pressure?  Why expect to live surrounded by an atmosphere with a sea level barometric pressure?  Why expect the future habitable planets to be like earth? Humans have to understand that it is not only the planets that have to be Terraformed; hypothetical process of deliberately modifying the atmosphere, temperature, surface topography or ecology of a planet, moon, or other body to be similar to the environment of Earth to make it habitable by Earth-like life. Mars is the first planet that is being proposed to be terraformed. It is us the biological beings that have to change and adapt to other worlds i.e. BioSpaceForming, and continue life and intelligence in totally different conditions.   The first paper where BioSpaceForming was originally described (for the first time in history Dec, 2018) can be read here:
https://zuniv.net/pub/BioSpaceForming.pdf   This was published in the BLDE Journal in India., thanks to Prof. Kusal Das.  

Actually, the first mention of Space travel in a Chronic Hypoxia Environment was written in a Dissertation entitled “Adaptation to High Altitude and to Sea Level: Acid-Base Equilibrium, Ventilation and Circulation in Chronic Hypoxia” at the Univ of Copenhagen, back in 2007.  It was then presented in the III Chronic Hypoxia Symposium entitled: THE HIGH ALTITUDE AND LOW ALTITUDE ADAPTATION STUDIES AND THEIR PRACTICAL APPLICATION TO TRAVEL IN HUMAN EXPLORATION OF SPACE
Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja (Jr), Natalia Zubieta-DeUrioste & Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo (Sr).
High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute (IPPA)
Zubieta University
La Paz, Bolivia  

And in subsequent Chronic Hypoxia Symposiums, the last one (as of this date,  Sept 2019) 7th Chronic Hypoxia Symposium.   But I was also invited to a Space Physiology Symposium in Varadero Cuba during the Panam2019 Physiology conference, by Alan Hargens.

alberto Dorta form Cuba, Alan Hargens form US and Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja from Bolivia at the Space Physiology Symposium
Alberto Dorta from Cuba, Alan Hargens from US and Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja from Bolivia at the Space Physiology Symposium in Varadero, Cuba
Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja during his conference in Cuba
Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja during his conference in Cuba showing that Biology helps surpass the Pressure Laws of Physics in Space.

The full conference on Space Travel in a Chronic Hypoxia Environment can be seen here.

Here is the second publication at the Revista Cubana de Investigaciones BioMedicas. in Sept 2019.

Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja and Jojo Sayson, a great friend!
Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja and Jojo Sayson, who develops exercise training equipment in space along with Alan Hargens, both great friends!
Jojo & Gustavo friendship appreciation Cuba 2019
Our correspondence with Jojo Sayson

Time does not exist !!

 

Since the past doesn’t exist, in the same way that the future does not exist,    

                         TIME DOES NOT EXIST!

 

Zubieta-Castillo
Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo (86 years old) of the High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute                                          (IPPA) sitting at home pondering about “Time does not exist”. La Paz, Bolivia July 30, 2012.

 

 

 

 

Space Travel

Energy-efficient space travel alternative:

Hypobaric cabin pressure?

Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja (Jr)

The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen

High Altitude Pathology Institute, Clinica IPPA. http://www.Altitudeclinic.com. La Paz, Bolivia

The following comments are conclusions of a “Doctor of Medical Sciences” dissertation, presented to the University of Copenhagen, entitled “Human Adaptation to High Altitude and Sea Level; Acid-Base Equilibrium, Ventilation and Circulation in Chronic Hypoxia” accepted for assessment on Sept 7th, 2007.

Based on 36 years of research related to high altitude polycythemia with Prof. Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo (Sr) in Bolivia and recently high altitude to sea level adaptation with Prof. Poul-Erik Paulev in Denmark, a greater understanding of the hematologic response to inspired oxygen pressure changes has led to the following:

Astronauts in the micro-gravity environment of space suffer many changes and among those anemia [1]. Thus far unexplained, neocytolisis has been described as the possible underlying mechanism [2, 3]. The adaptation to micro-gravity involves less use of muscle work and changes in ventilation and perfusion at lung level that the organism finds convenient to reduce the hematocrit following the least energy expenditure concept [4]. The knowledge and understanding of physiologic polycythemia (now known as polyerythrocythemia) upon ascent to high altitude and relative anemia following descent of high altitude residents to sea level [5, 6], allows for a logical proposal to bloodletting of high altitude residents on travel to sea level for periods longer than 20 days (an outstanding humanitarian blood resource) and similarly in astronauts when going into space. The logic is that they would economize energy avoiding the destructive hemolytic phase of adaptation. However, in astronauts, upon return to sea level, re-infusion of the phlebotomized blood could return the hematocrit to normal levels, although blood transfusion efficiency has lately been questioned. Erythropoyetine administration is also a possibility but less physiologic, more complicated and time limited.

Original space flights were carried out in a pure oxygen environment and one third the sea level pressure until serious fire accidents were encountered. Currently, the cabin pressure is normal sea level pressure at 760 mmHg with 20 % oxygen and 80 % nitrogen [7].

An alternative to the complication of space travel anemia would be to reduce the ambient oxygen tension within space vehicles, down to 2/3 the sea level pressure to around 495 mmHg (similar to the altitude of the city of La Paz with over 1.5 million inhabitants), in order to maintain a hypoxic stimulus and sustain the number of red blood cells for re-entry to Earth. Furthermore, the weightlessness space conditions require less oxygen consumption as there is less muscular use and hence tolerance to hypoxia can be increased. After an uncomplicated acute adaptation phase to hypoxia, with the adequate procedures, the astronauts can proceed with their normal routine during space travel. Upon return to sea level and the “relative hyperoxia”, the blood count should remain unchanged. This would create important advantages as there would be lower need for oxygen generation and pressure build-up, both high energy consumption processes. Likewise the Extravehicular Mobility Unit could benefit from a lower oxygen tension, less pressure difference with the space capsule, a speedier preparation and additionally more autonomy. Long space flights in the near future, would require less wasted resources in excess oxygen production and pressure. The return to the normal (relative hyperoxic) environment of sea level, would ease adaptation, as there would have been no reduction of the hematocrit during space flight [8]. Man faces future space travel where oxygen tensions will be a crucial life saving variable, and this proposal provides a physiological and physical energy-efficient alternative.

References

[1] Tavassoli M. Anemia of spaceflight. Blood. 1982 Nov;60(5):1059-67.

[2] De Santo NG, Cirillo M, Kirsch KA, Correale G, Drummer C, Frassl W, et al. Anemia and erythropoietin in space flights. Semin Nephrol. 2005 Nov;25(6):379-87.

[3] Rice L, Alfrey CP. The negative regulation of red cell mass by neocytolysis: physiologic and pathophysiologic manifestations. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2005;15(6):245-50.

[4] Zubieta-Calleja GR, Paulev PE, Zubieta-Calleja L, Zubieta-Calleja N, Zubieta-Castillo G. Hypoventilation in chronic mountain sickness: a mechanism to preserve energy. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;57 Suppl 4:425-30.

[5] Zubieta-Calleja GR, Paulev P-E, Zubieta-Calleja L, Zubieta-Castillo G. Altitude adaptation through hematocrit changes. J of Physiol and Pharmacol. 2007;58(Supplement in print).

[6] Zubieta-Castillo G, Sr., Zubieta-Calleja GR, Jr., Zubieta-Calleja L. Chronic mountain sickness: the reaction of physical disorders to chronic hypoxia. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;57 Suppl 4(2):431-42.

[7] NASA. Crew Compartment Cabin Pressurization. [cited 2007 June15, 2007]; Available from: http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/shutref/orbiter/eclss/cabinpress.html

[8] Zubieta-Calleja GR. Human adaptation to high altitude and to sea level: Acid-base equilibrium, ventilation, and circulation in chronic hypoxia. [Dissertation]. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen; Sept 7th, 2007.

Photo courtesy of NASA, downloaded from http://www.geekphilosopher.com/MainPage/bkgStars.htm

Cape Canaveral Space Center moved to the Bolivian Altiplano

MOVING CAPE CANAVERAL SPACE CENTER TO THE BOLIVIAN ALTIPLANO

Considering that Cape Canaveral is subject to ever increasing storms and bad weather that has already ended in accidents with the Space Shuttle, a new place for launching into space is mandatory.

Cape Canaveral has a Latitude of 29 N and Longitude 79 E
The Bolivian Altiplano has a Latitude of 16 S and Longitude 68 W

Note that it is closer to the Equator.

Furthermore it is at 4000 m above sea level. This is a highly significant energy saving for launching vehicles into space.

It is called Altiplano which stands for “high plateau”. This extense flat surface is of great advantage for the logistics of development of a launching pad.
The surrounding mountains can be used for coverage and protection and for building the rocket structures.

Finally, the weather is much more benign at high altitude, with no serious storms.

This would also mean a development pole for Bolivia, a beautiful and pleasant country in much need of sincere collaboration.

COMMON SENSE DICTATES THESE IDEAS

Back to the High Altitude Pathology Institute home page