High Altitude Pulmonary & Pathology Institute (IPPA) » admin

Las Matematicas en la Estructura de la Literatura

admin — Mon, 02 Apr 2012 15:08:30 +0000

por Gustavo Zubieta Castillo

Este articulo fué originalmente publicado en Rinconete, in extenso el 7 de marzo del 2003, pero actualmente solo se encuentra un par de paragrafos en ese website.

El uso instintivo de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra de la curva normal de Gauss

No parece extraño, ni sorprende, que uno intuitivamente perciba la relación que existe entre las matemáticas, la literatura y el arte. Cuando el escritor emplea el acento en una letra, está introduciendo en el lenguaje una medida de aumento de la intensidad en la forma de pronunciar una vocal; de manera que la ortografía, obedece a reglas matemáticas, de la misma manera que la teoría de la música, para la ejecución correcta de los sonidos en un instrumento musical.

Cuando el humano habla, y la emisión de los sonidos es válida para todos los seres , utiliza un instrumento musical constituido por tejidos orgánicos: la laringe. En la capacidad física de la “calidad” e intensidad del sonido, se funda la clasificación y subdivisión de la voz humana: aguda y grave. Femeninas : soprano, mezzo soprano, contralto, y en masculinas: tenor, barítono y bajo. Todos los fenómenos de naturaleza física son susceptibles de medirse y también los psíquicos. Se puede decir: que no hay fenómeno en el universo, cuyo estudio no lleve a la conclusión, de que exista una intima correlación de unos con otros de diferente naturaleza.

Siendo la literatura la expresión de un conjunto de conocimientos asociados al lenguaje, no puede excluirse de su estructura la presencia de las ciencias llamadas exactas y por lo tanto de las matemáticas. Las matemáticas y la literatura, como todo saber, están almacenadas y amalgamadas en los delicados centros nerviosos superiores, constituyéndose en una de las cualidades más grandes de la inteligencia: la memoria.

El lenguaje, expresado en palabras, no es otra cosa que una armoniosa asociación de experiencias del conocimiento, de diversa índole; que, en un momento determinado, forman una idea, un concepto que se exterioriza, como sonidos en el lenguaje hablado o mediante la escritura.

Las ideas originales, son eventos probabilísticos, del permanente ejercicio de pensar y meditar: la imaginación.

LA PROPORCION Y LA MEDIDA EN LA POESIA

La métrica en la construcción de un cuarteto en un soneto, no es otra cosa que la medida intuitiva de la utilización de un determinado número de palabras distribuidas equitativamente en grupos de sílabas. Y la consonancia, no es otra cosa que la utilización de sílabas, notas armónicas, sonidos u ondas físicas, producidas por la articulación de la palabra; agradables al oído formando una oración que tiene un significado.

El contenido del verso, parece tener en los últimos tiempos menor trascendencia que en épocas anteriores; por ese afán y la pretensión de encontrar la originalidad, y creatividad, dando más importancia a la musicalidad y abandonando el mensaje, Así parece haber nacido la poesía modernista y surrealista; corriente que ha tenido más éxito en la pintura, suplantado la perfección del dibujo por el color.

Los cuartetos y los tercetos son medidas de palabras agrupadas, con sentido lógico, que expresan verdades o fantasías; que por contener un sentido afectivo, son capaces de despertar las más íntimas reacciones emotivas del individuo.

Quién no conoce, desde las primeras experiencias de sus incursiones por la literatura, en el colegio u otra fuente de cultura, el soneto del genial poeta español Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio (1562-1635), como ejemplo de conocimiento de la métrica, término correcto de significación matemática. Y con placer ganamos la experiencia de cómo nace un soneto en la inspiración imaginativa del autor. Y ahí viene, como recuerdo, el ejemplo:

Soneto

Un soneto me manda hacer Violante,

En mi vida me he visto en tal aprieto;

Catorce versos dicen que es un soneto:

Burla burlando van los tres delante.

Yo pense que no hallara consonante,

Y estoy a la mitad de otro cuarteto;

Mas si me veo en el primer terceto,

No hay cosa en los cuartetos que me espante.

Por el primer terceto voy entrando

Y aún parece que entré con pie derecho,

Pues fin con este verso le voy dando.

Y estoy en el segundo, y aún sospecho

Que estoy los trece versos acabando:

Contad si son catorce y está hecho.

La mente del autor realiza una operación mental de carácter matemático; la diferencia radica, en el uso de palabras en lugar de números.

El autor hace un análisis numérico de lo que es un soneto. Esto no es novedad. ¿ Qué poeta no sabe que es un terceto y un cuarteto? Pero, cuando está en el proceso de inspiración, un mecanismo automático e intuitivo le hace utilizar una medida, de la misma manera que se utiliza el conocimiento para medir la distancia, o para medir la velocidad. Mientras la práctica avanza y gana en experiencia, la medida alcanza mayor precisión, sin la necesidad de utilizar un instrumento para medir; como el metro.

El desarrollo de la oración en la poesía termina con una analogía acústica, que define la cadencia y el ritmo del verso. Un fenómeno físico acústico ha sido medido subconscientemente.

El denominativo de Soneto, viene del termino italiano“ Sonette”, que significa sonido musical, grato al oído. Y siendo todo acto de medir, un proceso mental esencialmente matemático, se ha medido el sonido del sonette o soneto.

RELACION ENTRE LA IMAGINACION Y LA MENTE ESTADISTICA DE DON MIGUEL CERVANTES SAAVEDRA.

En la obra “DON QUIJOTE DE LA MANCHA” , la vida de dos personajes transcurre con una serie de aventuras de lo más inverosímiles, en el teatro de los acontecimientos cotidianos. La personalidad y el papel de Don Quijote y Sancho Panza, constituyen el centro del universo creativo e imaginativo de Don Miguel Cervantes Saavedra. Ambos personajes aparentemente son ficticios, pero al mismo tiempo, están presentes en nuestra vida cotidiana; por lo tanto, su existencia y presencia puede ser identificada en las estadísticas de cualquier población.

Para definir la personalidad y el carácter de los protagonistas de la obra Don Quijote de la Mancha con las matemáticas; empecemos por recordar que juega un papel muy importante en el análisis de todos fenómenos de la naturaleza, la curva descrita por el genial matemático Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855); curva normal o curva en campana, como también se llama. No sólo en las ciencias; si no que, en el conocimiento humano, para el análisis de cualquier fenómeno de la naturaleza, actualmente no puede prescindirse de la curva normal de Gauss.

De la manera más breve e ilustrativa, recordemos que la curva normal o de Gauss ( y= e^-x2), es una gráfica en forma de campana en un sistema de coordinadas de distribución de dos variables. La distribución de la frecuencia en la ordenada y los cambios del fenómeno observado en la abscisa, que puede ser de cualquier naturaleza; por ejemplo: talla, peso, carácter, personalidad. Curva en la cual se puede estudiar estadísticamente fenómenos de diversa complejidad.

Si la curva normal de Gauss en estadística, es una herramienta que tiene aplicación en las ciencias exactas puras y aplicadas; y tiene también utilidad, en las ciencias sociales y la psicología, ¿ entonces, por que no en la literatura?. Veamos.

La descripción precisa de la personalidad, encuentra dificultades en los métodos más cuidadosos de la Psicología; si se tiene en cuenta que, la diferencia entre los caracteres de los individuos que se encuentran en el rango de la normalidad, no presenta grandes diferencias identificables. Pero, no nos sorprendente comprobar a Don Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra describiendo, de una manera intuitiva, a los dos personajes centrales de su obra, Don Quijotes y Sancho Panza, con características diametralmente opuestas.

Física y psicológicamente, fácilmente identificables, con mente estadística, Cervantes Saavedra ha puesto a estos dos personajes, en los extremos de la curva normal de Gauss, sin tener noción de la utilidad de la estadística. Gauss aún no existía, y no se conocía ésta ciencia.

Si analizamos el peso corporal de Don Quijote, por su constitución física y tal cual lo imaginamos y lo ilustran los dibujantes, pesa alrededor de los 50 kilos, en contraste con Sancho Panza que esta ubicado en los 80 o más kilos. Si psicológicamente clasificamos estadísticamente, sus caracteres y sus comportamientos veremos que se alejan a los extremos, del sujeto que consideramos “normal”.

Don Quijote por sus características psicosomáticas, está más proclive a las enfermedades vasculares, hipocondríacas y del sistema nervioso. Contemporáneamente diríamos, por ejemplo, que es más susceptible a padecer de paranoia y de la enfermedad de Azheimer. A diferencia de Sancho, cuya predisposición más se inclina por las enfermedades digestivas, vasculares y a las afecciones que van acompañadas de hipertensión arterial; hoy diríamos, producidas por el exceso de colesterol. Amen, del papel que a cada uno de ellos les ha asignado Cervantes Saavedra, en el teatro de la vida.

Mimetizados y sublimados en diversos matices de su comportamiento y accionar, pueden ser objeto de estudio de múltiples variantes. Siempre en concordancia con el papel que el autor, les hace representar en su innumerables aventuras en la Mancha, los personajes también viven, en un área que geográficamente existe.

Podemos concluir diciendo: Que la literatura y las matemáticas son conocimientos recíprocos y complementarios, y sin percatarnos los utilizamos a diario en todas nuestras expresiones.

El hombre puede adaptarse a vivir en la cima del Mt. Everest

admin — Thu, 01 Mar 2012 02:30:20 +0000

Clickee en la imagen para agrandar.

Mediglobal Enero 2012

page 3 from Mediglobal

IV Chronic Hypoxia Symposium (Aug 2012 – India)

admin — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 19:09:24 +0000

The IV Chronic Hypoxia Symposium
August 9-12, 2012
in New Dehli, India

Please note that there is a last minute change in the date by the organizing committe in India.

Mark your calendar !

The website is at: http://www.hypoxiaresearch.in/Index.html

We are honored that this will be a grand scale meeting under the direction of
Dr Shashi Bala Singh,
Director of the Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defense R & D Organization
Min. Of Defense, Govt on India.

along with the coordination of:
Dr, Kaushal K. Srivastava
President. Dehli Chapter ACBI
National Coordinator for Professional Programme,ACBI.
Professor Emeritus, ACBR, Delhi University, Delhi 110007

and several other distinguished colleagues from the extraordinary India !!

        International Scientific Committee

Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja (Chairman)

Director of the High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute
Vice-President of the International Society of Chronic Hypoxia
Web: AltitudeClinic.com
Email: zubieta@altitudeclinic.com
Av. Saavedra 2302
La Paz, Bolivia
Phone: (591)- 73258026

Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo

Honorary Director of the High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute
Scientist, Literate, philosopher
Web: AltitudeClinic.com
Email: zubieta@altitudeclinic.com
Av. Saavedra 2302
La Paz, Bolivia
Phone: (591-2) 224-5394

Dr Thuppil Venkatesh
Principal Advisor Quality Council of India (QCI) &
National Referral Centre for Lead Poisoning in India (NRCLPI)
Professor- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics
St. John’s Medical College
Residence: 00-91-80-2553 2146
Work: 00-91-80-2206 5058/2206 5050
Fax: 00-91-80-25502341
Cell: 00-91-93412 42430
venkatesh.thuppil@gmail.com
India

Dr. Larry Silver, MD
President
International Society of Chronic Hypoxia

PO Box 8432

Truckee, CA 96162

530 550-0234

larrysilvermd@gmail.com

USA

Prof. Poul-Erik Paulev

University of Copenhagen, Denmark
e-mail: pepaulev@yahoo.dk
Tel: 45 45 813271
Denmark

Dr J. N. Mehrishi, PhD (Cantab.) FRCPath.

Director
The Cambridge Blood, Stem Cells, Spermatozoa and Opioid Research Initiatives-Blood Doping and High Altitude Research
The Cambridge Chronic Hepatitis , HIV/AIDS New Treatment Strategy Development Initiative
Convener/Coordinator:
The Cambridge-Budapest-Paris-Cologne-Bonn-Guangzhou Hepatitis, HIV/ AIDS Research Study Group
Macfarlane Cl. 13, Impington, Cambridge CB24 9LZ, United Kingdom.
Tel 44-1223-57 36 28.
Fax: 4(By arrangement only)
jm45@cam.ac.uk
UK

Tatiana V. Serebrovska(Serebrovskaya, Serebrovskaia, Serebrovs’ka -dif.spellings)
Professor of Physiology, Doctor of Biology, Ph.D.
Academician of Int. Acad. Sci.
Principal Researcher of the
Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology
4 Bogomoletz St.
Kiev 01024, UKRAINE
Tel: (38-044) 256-2557 (o); 411-6590 (h)
Fax: (38-044) 256-2000
e-mail: sereb@biph.kiev.ua (o)
tsereb@voliacable.com (h)

Ukraine

Dr. Marcus Ranney  MBBS BSc (Hons) (LON)

Strategy and Business Development Manager,
Khubchandani Healthcare Ltd,
Mumbai

Address is also no longer valid as I know live and work in India

Email: docmranney@gmail.com
e-mail: marcusranney@hotmail.com
Mobile: 0091 9820416787 (Bombay)

Prof. Robert Naeije

Professor of physiology and medicine
Free University of Brussels
rnaeije@ulb.ac.be
Belgium

Dra. Elydia Mujica Albán.Director of Research Unit.
Principal Researcher of National Institute of Andean Biology.
Professor and Physiology Section Chief
Faculty of Medicine – UNMSM
Lima – Peru.
Phone: (511) 4492597, (511) 4260244
Mobile: (511) 999712171;
e-mail: elymujica@yahoo.es
           emujicaa@unmsm.edu.pe
Peru

Prof. Vidyasagar Casikar

Neurosurgery
casikarv@gmail.com

Sydney, Australia

Natalia Zubieta
Director
High Altitude Museum
La Paz, Bolivia
email: high.altitude.museum@gmail.com
Av. Saavedra 2302
La Paz, Bolivia
Phone: (591-2) 224-5394
Bolivia

Dr. Buddha Basnyat
Director Nepal International Clinic
Medical Direcgtor of the Himalayan Rescue Association
President of the UIAA medical commission
rishibas@wlink.com.np
Kathmandu, Nepal

Dr. Frantisek Kolar
Institute of Physiology
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
kolar@biomed.cas.cz
Prague, Czech Republic

Remember, we are a different kind of symposium. We are open to any presentation. We don’t reject anyone. Everyone has an opportunity to express their ideas. Many great ideas are buried due to peer reviewers and groups that only publish their teams and reject others in spite of their great talent and production. But talent and creation are like an unsinkable buoy. They always surface even if you try to keep them underwater.

At IPPA we are going to celebrate 42nd Anniversary, next year.

Please read of our latest events and activities at:
http://altitudeclinic.com/blog/

All the best from Bolivia.

Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja and Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo (Sr)….. still active

High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute
Web: AltitudeClinic.com
Email: zubieta@altitudeclinic.com
Phone: (591-2) 224-5394

Evolucion de los conocimientos sobre la altura

admin — Tue, 23 Aug 2011 20:16:19 +0000

Exercise testing performed by Dr. Gustavo Ardaya Zubieta at the High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute, 2010

Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo y Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja

Publicado en la Revista Americana de Medicina Respiratoria 2011; 1: 5

Torricelli, Montgolfier y Pascal, podemos decir,
fueron los que sentaron los principios científicos
básicos para los estudios de la altura. Primero
tenía que conocerse físicamente qué era la altura,
había que cuantificarla y determinar que es exponencial.
Esto dio lugar a los estudios del efecto
de la menor presión parcial del oxigeno, conocido
como hipoxia, sobre la función respiratoria y
circulatoria.
La atmósfera y el aire que rodea al planeta y el
agua de los océanos contienen y están formados
por los mismos elementos: oxígeno, hidrógeno y
nitrógeno. Gracias a Torricelli tenemos el concepto
científico de que la atmósfera tiene peso, utilizando
primero el barómetro de agua, donde el peso es
igual a 10 metros de altura (= 1 atmósfera), reemplazando
luego por el mercurio que corresponde
a 760 mmHg (= 1 atmósfera). Además, el peso de
la atmósfera disminuye exponencialmente con la
altura y alcanza los 20,000 m aproximadamente.
En 1646 Torricelli y Pascal definen lo que hoy
conocemos como la atmósfera.
En la actualidad, un gran número de científicos
se dedican al estudio de la altura. Uno de ellos
es Peter Wagner, quien tiene amplia experiencia
como fisiólogo del intercambio gaseoso. El articulo
sobre el trabajo de Charles Houston en Operación
Everest II presentado en esta edición de la Revista
Americana de Medicina Respiratoria es muy interesante
como referencia. Él estudió las respuestas
fisiológicas de varios sujetos expuestos en una
cámara hipobárica a nivel de la cima del Monte
Everest. Cuando vino al 1er Congreso Mundial de
Medicina y Fisiología de la Altura en 1994 en La
Paz, Bolivia, Charles Houston, comentó que esa
experiencia le había costado “blood, sweat and
tears”; sangre, sudor y lagrimas. Esto debido a la
complejidad de dicho estudio y a las dificultades en
las relaciones humanas. Cuando entró a nuestro
laboratorio de función respiratoria en la ciudad
de La Paz, a 3510 m sobre el nivel del mar, al ver
nuestra cámara Hiperoxica/Hipoxica de Adaptación
a la Altura, exclamó “Oh, Barcroft’s glass
chamber!”. Le hizo recordar la cámara de vidrio de
Barcroft, donde estudió los gases en sangre arterial,
denudándose la arteria radial para observar los
cambios de concentración de oxígeno. Terminado
el experimento se ligó la arteria.
Nosotros utilizamos los valores de la presión
arterial de oxígeno en relación a la altura para
adaptarlos a los pacientes que sufren el mal de
montaña crónico en la ciudad de La Paz. En éstos
los niveles de oxígeno son comparables a los
detectados en el estudio de Charles Houston en la
“cima del Everest”. Esto nos indujo, entre otras
observaciones, a plantear la hipótesis de que el
hombre puede adaptarse a vivir en la extrema
hipoxia de la cima del Everest y desarrollamos la
formula: Adaptación = tiempo/altura.
Naturalmente, esta idea no es aceptada por los
que opinan que el hombre sólo puede vivir hasta los
5000 m, debido a que existen asentamientos humanos
en minas a esas alturas. La capacidad de tolerancia
a la altura es limitada por la hipoxia, el frío,
la capacidad de adaptación, falta de alimentación
adecuada y tiempo de adaptación insuficiente.
Bibliografía
- Zubieta-Castillo G, Zubieta-Calleja GR, Zubieta-Calleja L,
Zubieta-Calleja N. Adaptation to life at the altitude of the
summit of Mt. Everest. Fiziol Jornal 2003; 3: 110-7.

articulo original: http://www.ramr.org.ar/archivos/numero/ano_11_1_mzo_2011/mere1_5.pdf

Increased heart tolerance to hypoxia at high altitude

admin — Fri, 10 Jun 2011 17:49:16 +0000

Prof. Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo performed isolated dog heart perfusion in order to study heart function at high altitude. He then observed that the hearts of high altitude residents were more tolerant to hypoxia than those at sea level, around 1961. This is considered one of the first observations with this concept. Ever since and gradually it has been further studied and applied practically with distinguished colleagues such as Dr. Emilio Marticorena from Peru that showed that high altitude cardiac rehabilitation is faster at high altitude. Frantisek Kolar from the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute, has performed extraordinary advance in research of hearts in rats exposed to hypoxia, further advancing in this concept. We have heard that Alberto Hurtado from Peru had similar ideas. Here is the Newspaper “Ultima Hora” publication back in 1964:

Scientific articles ranking in high altitude domain

admin — Wed, 01 Jun 2011 16:58:25 +0000

ranked scientific articles this way:

Wednesday, June 1 , 2011

List 2: Top 10 Articles Published in the Same Domain Since Your Publication

Zubieta-Calleja GR, Paulev PE, Zubieta-Calleja L, Zubieta-Calleja N, Zubieta-Castillo G: Hypoventilation in chronic mountain sickness: a mechanism to preserve energy. J Physiol Pharmacol; 2006 Sep;57 Suppl 4:425-30

Go to the article

León-Velarde F, Villafuerte FC, Richalet JP: Chronic mountain sickness and the heart. Prog Cardiovasc Dis; 2010 May-Jun;52(6):540-9
Go to the article

Moore LG, Niermeyer S, Vargas E: Does chronic mountain sickness (CMS) have perinatal origins? Respir Physiol Neurobiol; 2007 Sep 30;158(2-3):180-9
Go to the article

Rivera-Ch M, Huicho L, Bouchet P, Richalet JP, León-Velarde F: Effect of acetazolamide on ventilatory response in subjects with chronic mountain sickness. Respir Physiol Neurobiol; 2008 Aug 31;162(3):184-9
Go to the article

Jafarian S, Gorouhi F, Ghergherechi M, Lotfi J: Respiratory rate within the first hour of ascent predicts subsequent acute mountain sickness severity. Arch Iran Med; 2008 Mar;11(2):152-6
Go to the article

Zubieta-Castillo G Sr, Zubieta-Calleja GR Jr, Zubieta-Calleja L: Chronic mountain sickness: the reaction of physical disorders to chronic hypoxia. J Physiol Pharmacol; 2006 Sep;57 Suppl 4:431-42
Go to the article

Maignan M, Rivera-Ch M, Privat C, León-Velarde F, Richalet JP, Pham I: Pulmonary pressure and cardiac function in chronic mountain sickness patients. Chest; 2009 Feb;135(2):499-504
Go to the article

Penaloza D, Arias-Stella J: The heart and pulmonary circulation at high altitudes: healthy highlanders and chronic mountain sickness. Circulation; 2007 Mar 6;115(9):1132-46
Go to the article

Yan JH, Li ZQ, Ji LH, Chai KX, Ge RL: [Changes of serum angiogenesis in patients with chronic mountain sickness]. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi; 2009 Nov;25(4):457-60
Go to the article

Huicho L, Xing G, Qualls C, Rivera-Ch M, Gamboa JL, Verma A, Appenzeller O: Abnormal energy regulation in early life: childhood gene expression may predict subsequent chronic mountain sickness. BMC Pediatr; 2008;8:47
Go to the article

List 3: Top 10 Articles Published in the Same Domain, All Time

Sun S, Oliver-Pickett C, Ping Y, Micco AJ, Droma T, Zamudio S, Zhuang J, Huang SY, McCullough RG, Cymerman A, Moore LG: Breathing and brain blood flow during sleep in patients with chronic mountain sickness. J Appl Physiol; 1996 Aug;81(2):611-8
Go to the article

Sun SF, Huang SY, Zhang JG, Droma TS, Banden G, McCullough RE, McCullough RG, Cymerman A, Reeves JT, Moore LG: Decreased ventilation and hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness are not reversed by naloxone in Lhasa residents with chronic mountain sickness. Am Rev Respir Dis; 1990 Dec;142(6 Pt 1):1294-300
Go to the article

Erba P, Anastasi S, Senn O, Maggiorirni M, Bloch KE: Acute mountain sickness is related to nocturnal hypoxemia but not to hypoventilation. Eur Respir J; 2004 Aug;24(2):303-8
Go to the article

Richalet JP, Rivera M, Bouchet P, Chirinos E, Onnen I, Petitjean O, Bienvenu A, Lasne F, Moutereau S, León-Velarde F: Acetazolamide: a treatment for chronic mountain sickness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 2005 Dec 1;172(11):1427-33
Go to the article

León-Velarde F, Arregui A, Vargas M, Huicho L, Acosta R: Chronic mountain sickness and chronic lower respiratory tract disorders. Chest; 1994 Jul;106(1):151-5
Go to the article

León-Velarde F, Villafuerte FC, Richalet JP: Chronic mountain sickness and the heart. Prog Cardiovasc Dis; 2010 May-Jun;52(6):540-9
Go to the article

Moore LG, Niermeyer S, Vargas E: Does chronic mountain sickness (CMS) have perinatal origins? Respir Physiol Neurobiol; 2007 Sep 30;158(2-3):180-9
Go to the article

Ge RL, Shai HR, Takeoka M, Hanaoka M, Koizumi T, Matsuzawa Y, Kubo K, Kobayashi T: Atrial natriuretic peptide and red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in patients with chronic mountain sickness. Wilderness Environ Med; 2001;12(1):2-7
Go to the article

List 4: Top 10 Articles, with Free Full-Texts, Published in the Same Domain Since Your Publication

Penaloza D, Arias-Stella J: The heart and pulmonary circulation at high altitudes: healthy highlanders and chronic mountain sickness. Circulation; 2007 Mar 6;115(9):1132-46
Go to the article

Gonzales GF, Gasco M, Tapia V, Gonzales-Castañeda C: High serum testosterone levels are associated with excessive erythrocytosis of chronic mountain sickness in men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab; 2009 Jun;296(6):E1319-25
Go to the article

Stuber T, Sartori C, Schwab M, Jayet PY, Rimoldi SF, Garcin S, Thalmann S, Spielvogel H, Salmòn CS, Villena M, Scherrer U, Allemann Y: Exaggerated pulmonary hypertension during mild exercise in chronic mountain sickness. Chest; 2010 Feb;137(2):388-92
Go to the article

Moore JP, Claydon VE, Norcliffe LJ, Rivera-Ch MC, Lèon-Velarde F, Appenzeller O, Hainsworth R: Carotid baroreflex regulation of vascular resistance in high-altitude Andean natives with and without chronic mountain sickness. Exp Physiol; 2006 Sep;91(5):907-13
Go to the article

Bailey DM, Evans KA, James PE, McEneny J, Young IS, Fall L, Gutowski M, Kewley E, McCord JM, Møller K, Ainslie PN: Altered free radical metabolism in acute mountain sickness: implications for dynamic cerebral autoregulation and blood-brain barrier function. J Physiol; 2009 Jan 15;587(Pt 1):73-85
Go to the article

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Chronic Hypoxia Symposium IV

admin — Wed, 01 Jun 2011 16:34:02 +0000

Dear colleagues from around the world:

After 3 successful Chronic Hypoxia Symposiums held in La Paz, Bolivia, we are very proud to announce that the IV Chronic Hypoxia Symposium will be held in India under the direction of Prof. Thuppil Venkatesh.

Please stayed tunned for the preliminaries that will soon surface.

In the meantime, we want to thank all those that participated and attended our III Chronic Hypoxia Symposium held in La Paz in Oct 2010. Our President Larry Silver was able to find support from CISCO that transmitted via Webex to all the participants live presentations from around the world.

Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja
Vice-President
International Society of Chronic Hypoxia

Chronic Hypoxia Symposium III ABSTRACTS

admin — Tue, 21 Dec 2010 12:07:26 +0000

The III Symposium on the Effect of Chronic Hypoxia on Diseases at High Altitude

October 16-23, 2010
click here to go to the website

ABSTRACTS

BREATH-HOLD DIVING AND DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS.

Hans Christian Møller Thorsen, Poul-Erik Paulev & Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja

The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen &

High Altitude Pathology Institute (IPPA), Zubieta University.

La Paz, Bolivia. www.altitudeclinic.com

Breath-hold diving is used in many parts of the world as a sport, in order to get pearls and as a record breaking activity. The Pearl divers in the South Pacific typically perform repetitive BH dives to depths of 30 m or more for 1.5–2.5 minutes for about 6 hours a day. Some of the divers developed what was called “Taravana,” a disease similar to DCS and suspected to be due to nitrogen accumulation. The divers who developed “Taravana” primarily were having symptoms from the central nervous system, including nausea, dizziness, and partial or complete hemiplegia. Paulev argued for a connection between DCS and BH diving (1965, 1967). Paulev himself and three other divers developed symptoms of DCS after a series of BH dives in a submarine escape-training tank in Norway. In each case, severe neurological symptoms and signs were present.

One of the objectives has been to develop a suitable computer model and calculate the amount of nitrogen—expressed as nitrogen tissue tensions—accumulated in the body during diving profiles.

Symmetric accumulation and elimination of an inert gas is described by a differential equation:

dII/dt = 0.693 ( Pamb.t – II)/T½

where II is the tissue pressure of the inert gas, Pamb is the ambient pressure at the actual depth and T½ is the half time period of the tissue. The differential equation is solved by numerical approximation:

II₁ = II₀ + 0.693 ( Pamb.t – II)/T½.

We have developed a dive table that may protect against decompression sickness, but its validity has to be evaluated in practice.

The danger is increased in mountain lake free diving, where breath-hold diving has not yet been practiced but will probably be done in the near future.

CHRONIC CONTINUOUS HYPOXIA INCREASES CARDIAC ISCHEMIC TOLERANCE VIA ACTIVATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL BK_Ca CHANNELS

Kolar F, Borchert GH, Neckar J, Ostadal B

Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, and Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Prague, Czech Republic

Chronic hypoxia increases cardiac tolerance against acute oxygen deprivation and its salutary effects persist for several weeks. Although several protective pathways have been identified, the mechanism of this long-lasting cardioprotective phenomenon is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to find out whether i) brief daily exposures to normoxia (reoxygenation) during the adaptation to hypoxia affects the induction of protected cardiac phenotype and ii) mitochondrial large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK_Ca) contribute to its mechanism. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to continuous normobaric hypoxia (CNH; FIO₂= 0.1) for 3–4 weeks; a subgroup of animals was allowed to recover at normoxia daily for a single 60-min period (CNH-R). CNH significantly reduced the size of myocardial infarction, induced by 20-min coronary artery occlusion and 3-h reperfusion, from 62% of the area at risk in normoxic controls to 42%. Protection by CNH was retained in subsequently isolated left ventricular cardiomyocytes subjected to 25-min metabolic inhibition followed by 30-min reenergization; it was detected as increased cell viability and reduced release of lactate dehydrogenase. These protective effects were completely absent in chronically hypoxic animals exposed to periodic reoxygenation (CNH-R). Pretreatment of cells with paxilline (BK_Cachannel blocker, 2 mM) significantly attenuated the improved resistance of cells from CNH rats without affecting normoxic controls. On the other hand, NS1619 (BK_Ca channel opener, 30 mM) protected cells from normoxic animals but no additional salutary effect occurred in the CNH group. However, myocytes isolated from CNH-R rats (that did not exhibit resistant phenotype) were protected by NS1619 similarly as normoxic controls. It is concluded that brief daily periods of normoxia during the adaptation to chronic hypoxia counteract the development of a cardioprotective mechanism which involves the activation of mitochondrial BK_Ca channels.

THE EFFECT OF PRENATAL HYPOXIA ON EXPRESSION OF TRX-1 AND LIPID PEROXIDATION PRODUCTS IN RAT HIPPOCAMPUS AT DIFFERENT PERIODS OF POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS

Stroev S.A. ^1,2, Tjulkova E.I.², Vataeva L.A. ², Kislin M.S.², Samoilov M.O.², Pelto-Huikko M.T.¹

¹ Tampere University Medical School, Tampere, Finland; ² I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, St.Petersburg, Russia.

The effect of severe hypobaric hypoxia produced in a flow chamber (180 Torr, 3 times during 3 hours at 14^th, 15^th and 16^th days of pregnancy) endured by pregnant Wistar rats on the thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) expression was studied in hippocampal neurons of their descendants of the first generation at 3^th, 14^th and 80^th-90^th days of postnatal ontogenesis.

The expression of Trx-1 was studied in areas of cornu Ammonis-1, 2 and 3 (CA1, CA2, CA3) and dentate gyrus (DG) by immunocytochemistry that was assayed using two criteria: the total number of immunoreactive cells shown as a percent of control (Nt) and the number of intensely-labeled cells as a percent of control (Ni).

It was shown that hypoxia endured at the prenatal period significantly modifies the expression level of Trx-1 in hippocampal neurons of rats during their postnatal development. Herewith the direction of changes in Trx-1 expression may vary in different areas of the hippocampus and times of postnatal ontogenesis.

At the 3^rd postnatal day in rats exposed to prenatal hypoxia, there was an statistically significant (P<0,05) decrease of Nt in CA1 (Nt = 74±9%) and Ni in CA2 (Ni = 47±13%) compared with the control rats of the same age. At the level of statistically non-significant but consistent trend (0,05

At the 14^th day a statistically significant (P<0,01) decrease of Ni in the DG (Ni = 34±7%) and increase of Ni in the CA2 (Ni = 505±74%), were noted. At the level of trends (0,05Klein’s oxidation index, the level of diene and triene conjugates, thiobarbituric acid-reacting products (TBARP) and Schiff bases) were not perceptibly differ compared to control.

In adult age (80^th – 90^th days) a statistically significant decrease (P<0,01) of Nt in CA1 (Nt = 75±4%) and decrease (P<0,05) of Ni in CA3 (Ni = 43±17%) were noted. Nt in DG also tended to decrease (Nt = 84±7%; 0,05

These data suggest that severe hypoxia endured by maternal organism during the critical fetal development period, leads to a modification of pro- and antioxidant systems in hippocampal neurons of born rats throughout all their postnatal ontogenesis extending into adulthood. Along with the previously shown modifications of calcium and phosphoinositide systems of intracellular signal transduction, these changes reflect apparently one of the possible molecular mechanisms that underlie both adaptive and pathological modifications of cognitive and behavioral functions of animals exposed to prenatal hypoxia.

FOREVER: LOSS OF ADAPTATION, DOES NOT EXIST.

G Zubieta-Castillo & GR Zubieta-Calleja

High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute (IPPA), Zubieta University

La Paz, Bolivia.

zubieta@altitudeclinic.com

Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) is a term that does not explain the ethiopathogenesis of the disease in response to the effect of chronic hypoxia. There is no CMS, but rather pulmonary (mainly), cardiac, carotid, kidney, hematological or genetic disease. All these associated to an increase on the hematocrit or what is now known as polyerythrocythemia. CMS, was described by Carlos Monge Medrano close to 90 years ago. He was unable to find an explanation for the signs and symptoms and chose to use the term “LOSS OF ADAPTATION”. This was originally accepted, but today it can be appreciated as lacking significance. And should stop being used.

Undoubtedly, CMS is a chronic hypoxic process resulting in an increase of hemoglobin, due to pulmonary lesions (fundamentally), that alter the pulmonary function, thereby reducing the oxihemoglobin saturation and stimulating the increase of red blood cells. This, essentially occurs due to pulmonary lesions that are sequelae of diverse lung disease giving rise to intra-pulmonary shunts or uneven ventilation-perfusion. The term “LOSS OF ADAPTATION”, is even semantically inadequate, because in nature, living beings tend to adapt to different environments and circumstances. These could be: going to high altitude, temperature changes, solar radiation, UV radiation, diet changes, etc, etc . Consequently, to insist in contemporary medicine on the use of “LOSS OF ADAPTATION”, is not only a mistake, but rather foolishness!

The arterial oxygen content of blood in polyerythrocythemia, appears to be increased. However this apparent increase refers to the maximum oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin in blood when fully saturated. This gives rise to two conclusions:

1) that the hemoglobin in patients with polyerythrocythemia tends to be normal and is capable of full saturation when exposed to high oxygen pressures.

2) Fundamentally lung disease that results in intra-pulmonary shunts and uneven ventilation-perfusion, reduce the alveolar pressure of oxygen and the most efficient mechanism to compensate for this ventilatory deficiency is polyerythrocythemia.

The misunderstanding of these concepts has led to wrong interpretations of CMS such as “Loss of adaptation”.

Throughout history, all living beings, go through evolution, in order to adapt to different environmental conditions. Even aging is an evolution, that goes to finish a vital cycle. It never goes in the reverse way. This concept of loss of adaptation is unacceptable.

Again, “The organic systems of human beings and all other species tend to adapt to any environmental change and circumstance within an optimal period of time, and never tend towards regression (loss of adaptation), which would inevitably lead to death”.

ACID-BASE BALANCE AT HIGH ALTITUDES: A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH USING THE MODIFIED VAN SLYKE EQUATION, TITRATABLE HYDROGEN ION DIFFERENCE (THID) AND OTHER ASPECTS.

G Zubieta-Calleja, PE Paulev, J Mehrishi* & G. Zubieta-Castillo.

High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute (IPPA), Zubieta University La Paz, Bolivia and *University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom and The Cambridge Blood, Stem, Sperm Cells, Blood Doping and High Altitude Research.
The Acid-Base balance in the human body is calculated by the Van Slyke equation based on sea level measurements. The maintenance of blood pH within a fairly strict range at/around pH 7.4, with due consideration of the effect of hyperventilation, is essential for cellular function at any altitude. This is because various chemical processes occurring in the body, e.g., those involving proteins and enzymes, are pH-dependent. As is well known, oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures get lower as the altitude gets higher. At a permanent low production of CO2, the acid-base balance begins to change. Mountaineering physiologists, sadly, assumed that the sea level equation for A-B balance would be equally applicable, without any critical thought, and never thought of appropriate equations valid for high altitudes calculations. The Van Slyke equation for sea level seems to have been used indiscriminately for high altitudes in order to calculate for Base Excess (BE). It is essential to become aware that BE is an obsolete term and has been previously replaced by the concept of Titratable Hydrogen Ion Difference (THID).
For some extraordinary reasons, the BE equation without any critical discussion received the approval of CLSI for calculations of A-B balance at high altitudes (where the gas pressures are most certainly considerably lower). (CLSI:Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, (http://www.clsi.org)).
The validity of the Van Slyke equation used for high altitudes, originally meant for sea level conditions, would clearly seem to be rather incongruous when critically considered. In our opinion it is not going too far to say that this procedure is woefully inadequate being inappropriate and to achieve excellence, is unacceptable. The higher the altitude the bigger the mistake in calculation of Acid-Base parameters.

Therefore, we took measurements and gathered information of the various parameters at high altitudes (2,500 3,500, 4,500m) to derive the urgently needed modified Van Slyke for quantifying Acid-Base balance at high altitudes. These are the key points and the thrust of our presentation. Consequently, we developed a modified Van Slyke equation for A-B balance and the adequate Ole Siggaard-Andersen nomograms adapted to different altitudes. We also discuss the point about the necessity of the adaptation factor according to the formula already developed and described in deriving the modified Van Slyke equation. The normal hemoglobin values for completely adapted individuals is likewise presented.

Acid-Base balance at any altitude can thus be adequately interpreted and, in fact, becomes crucial for the correct and precise interpretation of metabolic function. Furthermore, it is a life saving knowledge for mountaineers and high altitude residents around the world.
CLINICAL AND PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF INTERLEUKIN-12 IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Barbarash OL., Kashtalap VV., Zykov MV.

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases

Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences,

Kemerovo 650002, Russia

The research objective was to study clinical and prognostic value of inflammation markers in patients after Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI). The study enrolled 214 patients diagnosed with ST segment elevation MI. Cytokine levels (interleukins (IL)-1α,-6,-8,-10,-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF – α)) were measured in all of the patients on days 10-14 after MI onset, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were detected by an immunoenzymatic method. Out of all analyzed inflammation factors only TNF – α, IL-12 and CRP were significantly higher in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease compared to patients with an isolated lesion. There was a positive correlation between the levels of inflammation markers IL-12 and IL-6 and the severity of an atherosclerotic lesion of brachiocephalic arteries or lower limb arteries. Data regression analysis with step-by-step selection showed the age of ≥ 53 years and IL-12 levels of ≥87,1 pg/ml to be of the greatest predictive value in detecting a haemodynamically significant coronary lesion, and the age ≥ 65 years and IL-12 levels of 108,8 pg/ml, in detecting a haemodynamically significant non-coronary lesion. II and > Killip class of acute heart failure and IL-12 levels of > 90 pg/ml were identified to be independent variables for risk stratification of any cardiovascular event a year after MI. Thus, out of all studied inflammation indicators IL-12 possesses the greatest diagnostic value in defining patients at a high risk of severe coronary and polyvascular atherosclerosis and subsequent complications.

THE VENTILATORY HYPEROXIC SHUNT TEST AT 3510 m. OF ALTITUDE

L Zubieta-Calleja, G. Zubieta-Castillo & GR Zubieta-Calleja.

High Altitude Pathology Institute (IPPA), Zubieta University

La Paz, Bolivia.

www.altitudeclinic.com

We use a new method to test pulmonary shunt by hyperoxia at high altitude. The subject is tested first breathing ambient air in the seated position. Using a face mask, ventilation, ETO2, ETCO2, ECG, pulse oximetry and blood pressure are measured. An arterial blood sample is taken from the radial artery. The whole procedure is repeated with the subject breathing 100 % O2 from a Douglas Bag. This technique allows for precise measurements that provide a clear picture of cardio-respiratory parameters. Furthermore it allows the possibility of observing when there is an equilibration of the PIO2 as it is observed on a breath by breath basis in the same wave that the ETO2 is observed. The average PIO2 was 421.7 mmHg. For 3510 m, the altitude of our Laboratory, the test performed in 14 normal subjects(mean ± SD) using t-students reports:

	SpO2 in %	VE BTPS	ETCO2 mmHg	ETO2 mmHg	PaO2 mmHg	PaCO2 mmHg	pH
Ambient Air	91.56 ± 1.45	9.19 ± 2.3	28.05 ± 1.9	66.42 ± 4.05	59.3 ± 5.92	27.7 ± 3.72	7.43 ± 0.03
89% O₂	98.15 ± 0.73	8.26 ± 2.06	26.17 ± 2.2	337.59 ± 14.7	237 ± 25.8	27.25 ± 3.6	7.46 ± 0.06
p =	<0.0001	NS	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	NS	NS

This tests permits the operator to observe when the PIO2 reaches the maximum level thereby making the precise observation of shunt, irrespective of uneven ventilation that can delay such equilibration of inspired gases. The intra-pulmonary shunts are essential for evaluation of patients with Chronic Mountain Sickness at high altitude.

EXTREME HYPOXIA IN NEWCOMERS TO HIGH ALTITUDE, HOW CAN IT BE TOLERATED?

G. Ardaya-Zubieta, G Zubieta-Calleja, N. Zubieta-DeUrioste & GR Zubieta-Castillo.

High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute (IPPA), Zubieta University

La Paz, Bolivia.

zubieta@altitudeclinic.com

Patients suffering from the acute effects of hypobaric hypoxia can have extremely low arterial oxygen tensions (PaO2), which are quite well tolerated. They come to consultation with a PaO2 between 30 and 40 mmHg. Their recovery after a few days is uneventful following the efficient treatment of the underlying cause. When the medical reports were sent to their sea level physician they were asked: “Were you conscious?”

At sea level these very low oxygen tensions are not tolerable. A patient presenting a PaO2 of 60 mmHg is sent to an intensive care unit, as his life is in peril. However at high altitude in the city of La Paz 3600m, the normal acid-base values are: PaO2 = 60 ± 2 mmHg. PaCO2 = 30 ± 2 mmHg and pH = 7.40 ± 0.02, SpO2 = 91% ± 1%. The later oscillates with irregular breathing and deep breaths can achieve even 98% as has been previously described.

One out of four subjects, arriving to La Paz, has some form of Acute Mountain Sickness.

Some can present extreme hypoxia. The pathologies that we have recently seen associated with this extreme hypoxia are: pneumonia upon ascent, pulmonary thromboembolism, high altitude pulmonary or cerebral edema and several others.

As example a young Frenchman 25 years old climbed Huayna Potosi at 6000m two days after arriving to La Paz 3600 m, from Paris. On the way down he feels very short of breath. He is unable to sleep over the night. He comes to consultation walking. A blood gas analyses reports a PaO2 = 35 mmHg, PaCO2 = 29 mmHg and a pH = 7.53. This is diagnosed as severe hypoxia and respiratory alkalosis in High Altitude Pulmonary Edema. Would he have been alive if at sea level?

What is the explanation for this extreme hypoxia tolerance?

The alkaline pH during acute high altitude exposure shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the left, allowing more capture and transport of oxygen. The other variable that can allow for the tolerance to extremely low PaO2 values is the normal low (relative to sea level) PaCO2. These new concepts are analyzed and discussed.

GERIATRICS AND EXERCISE AT HIGH ALTITUDE

OF Murillo, GR Zubieta-Calleja, G Zubieta-Castillo

High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute (IPPA), La Paz, Bolivia.

Hillside Internal Medicine, Hannover PA, USA

www.altitudeclinic.com

More and more, it becomes evident that exercise at sea level is essential, even for the elder. But at high altitude, there is little information on how much exercise can be performed by people above 65 years of age. At sea level, active 65 years old women have a life expectancy of 18.4 years compared to inactive at only 12.7 years. The NIH Consensus Conference on Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health stated on exercise in the elder: “Benefits include reduction in mortality, reduction in symptoms, improvement in exercise tolerance and functional capacity, and improvement in quality of life”. Furthermore, several pathologies improve with exercise: elevated cholesterol, chronic lung disease, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, knee osteo-arthritis, obesity and osteoporosis. Exercise has been advised as being of two types by the American Geriatrics Society. 1) Vigorous = at least 20 minutes of vigorous physical activity on 3 or more days each week and 2) Moderate = a brisk walk, or an equivalently intense aerobic activity, for at least 10 min at a time, for a total of at least 30 min a day, on at least 5 days/wk. Vigorous exercise seems more benefitial, however it has to be achieved gradually and regularly in order to avoid injury. Exercise performed at 3510m in 4 normal people with ages ranging from 65 to 84 has shown that they have comparable SpO2, pulse and ventilation to young men in their early 20’s. The only difference is that 3 of the 4 subjects could not achieve the last stage of the USAF modified exercise protocol on a treadmill. Intensive exercise is limited in the elderly, but could be achieved gradually through training even at high altitude.

The guidelines for exercise in the elders at sea level

, are suitable for elders at high altitude. However, these should be gradually performed in newcomers and can reach full intensity of exercise, only when complete adaptation to high altitude is achieved from the hematological aspect.

THE HIGH ALTITUDE AND LOW ALTITUDE ADAPTATION STUDIES AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION TO TRAVEL IN HUMAN EXPLORATION OF SPACE

G Zubieta-Calleja, N. Zubieta-DeUrioste & GR Zubieta-Castillo.

High Altitude Pathology Institute (IPPA), Zubieta University

La Paz, Bolivia.

zubieta@altitudeclinic.com

When sea level dwellers ascend to high altitude environments, their organism adapts in three phases to chronic hypoxia. Acute adaptation, that lasts between one and two days and where acute mountain sickness can occur. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema and high Altitude Cerebral Edema can likewise begin and extend towards the next phase. Subacute adaptation is the phase between the second day and the day total adaptation is achieved at a fixed altitude. The length depends on the time to reach the stable hematocrit and varies depending on the altitude. It is calculated using the formula:

Adaptation =

In this subacute phase if the subject performs excessive exercise, he feels short of breath, and the right heart can become dilated, and evolve to what is known as subacute heart disease. A consequence of incomplete adaptation. Finally, in the third stage when the hematocrit no longer increases, complete high altitude adaptation is achieved. Several factors, such as previous ascents, genetic characteristics, dehydration, quality of the food, presence of previous lung disease, and yet to be described factors, may alter somewhat the time frames. During full adaptation and life in the mountains, the subjects are able to carry out a normal life comparable to sea level, reproduce and practice sports.

Inversely, if high altitude residents go to sea level, the organism is facing a “relative hyperoxia” and hence, an aggression of an abnormal environment (disregarding the other factors such as temperature and humidity, food, lodging and so on). The hematocrit decreases linearly through neocytolysis and an abrupt stop of RBC production until a plateau is reached. Sometimes there is an over-boost taking the hematocrit to very low levels. This is attributed to a highly efficient use of oxygen.

The knowledge achieved herein is applied to a proposal for a most efficient capsule environment for the human exploration of Space. Currently space vehicles use sea level barometric pressure (760 mmHg) with normoxia (21%). Astronauts suffer, among many other complex micro-gravity alterations, anemia, that upon return to sea level, has to be correspondingly normalized to pre-flight levels. The reason that anemia presents is in part due to a lower requirement of oxygen by orthostatic muscles in Earth’s gravity. Consequently, a cabin pressure 2/3 that of sea level, similar to the city of La Paz, would maintain a hematocrit for re-entry, and furthermore, could significantly accelerate the preparation for Extra Vehicular Activity that currently takes up several hours, in order to avoid decompression sickness, going from a sea level pressure to 1/3.

AT 4000m IN THE HIGHLAND ENVIRONMENT, REMISSION OF SEA LEVEL LIFESTYLE RELATED DISEASE IS POSSIBLE THROUGH QUANTUM BIOLOGY
Prof.Kunihiro Seki., Dr.Antonio Saravia, and 　Prof.Takeo Nomura
Quantum Biology Institute, Japan
mail: seki822@yf7.so-net.ne.jp

In man, after the age of 20, cellular “redifferentiation” a form of cellular regeneration in 200 types of cells, with few exceptions will occur. But when you live at around 4000m, the altitude of Titicaca Lake, the dividing cells in the body undergo “transdifferentiation”. This would automatically be induced by cell division through drinking deuterium depleted water(DDW) and ingestion of deuterium depleted food(DDF) a consequence of low humidity and hypoxia.
The highlands at 3812m altitude in the mountainous regions of South America’s
Titicaca Lake, the UV radiation is 13 times that of sea level. At sea level, UV radiation increases the incidence of skin cancer by 3-6%. However at 4000m, high altitude residents – have apparently not suffered from skin cancer, however this needs to be further studied.
A subject was diagnosed suffering from a thyroid gland tumor at sea level. He migrated to La Paz Bolivia and stayed in the highlands at 4000m, and originally few physiological changes were observed. Until the arrival to La Paz, he had been ingesting DDW but no DDF. After 5 months, an ultrasonic diagnostic imaging practiced at the CiLap Hospital of La Paz reported remission and calcification of the tumor.
The validity of my hypothesis about the possibility of overcoming cancer by means of DDW and DDF was thus verified. An extraordinary achievement!
Life at the high altitude of 4000m as well as daily consumption of DDW and
DDF led to the multiplication of cells in the body, which resulted in such a reinforcement of cell proliferation, immune function and power of spontaneous cure that cancer remitted.
Going from the lowlands to highlands at 4000m above sea level, the following environmental changes and symptoms take place:
1 Partial pressure of oxygen at highlands is 120hPa which is 60% of lowlands (sea level PO2=206hPa).
2 Deuterium concentration of water and food is 138ppm while at sea level it is 150ppm.
3 The number of red blood cells increases by 1.6 times, and cardiopulmonary
function by 1.3 times and some men and women can suffer from nosebleed.
4 Cell proliferation becomes vigorous resulting in improved sexual health with
daily ejaculation for men and monthly ovulation for women.

5 With the improvement in the faculty of spontaneous healing, normally considered incurable diseases can have their symptoms temporarily alleviated or be completely cured.
Living at 4000m during one week (a diabetic’s?) fasting glucose levels reported 100mg/dl. This is evidence that insulin has proliferating β cells that secrete insulin in the pancreas islet. Upon returning from 4000m to sea level, these conditions remained for a month. At 4000m, the altitude hypoxic environment with low temperature and dry air is a spontaneous cure and improves immune function and metabolism in type 2 diabetes-affected people at sea level.
In conclusion, quantum biology supplies a theoretical basis for the remission of cancer
which has been considered incurable.
1. In people exposed to high altitude hypoxia, low atmospheric pressure, low temperature and dry air, immediately stimulates cell division in their body enhancing cell proliferation, immune function becoming a power of spontaneous cure.
2. If one consumes DDW and DDF available at the altitude of 4000m above sea level, cell proliferation, immune function and power of spontaneous cure are all strengthened.
3. Healthy sexual life activates cell proliferation, immune function and power of spontaneous cure.
When all three above-mentioned conditions are met concurrently, owing to their synergistic effect, cancer in the human body can go into remission.

SIR CHRISTIAN JOHN STOREY BONINGTON

Interview by Jay Mehrishi

Cambridge University, UK

Sir Christian John Storey Bonington, CVO, CBE, DL (styles himself as ‘Chris’ Bonigton) is a British mountaineer, born on August 6^th, 1934 in Hampstead, an area of London, 4 miles (6.4 km) north-west of Charing Cross rail station. He was educated at University College School in Hampstead, London and joined the Royal Fusiliers before attending Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. On graduation, in 1956 he was commissioned in the Royal Tank Regiment. After three years in Northern Germany, he spent two years at the Army Outward Bound School as a mountaineering instructor.

He is married to Wendy, who is a freelance illustrator of children’s books. The couple have two sons: Daniel and Rupert.

Following a request by Larry Silver (from California) to say a few words to the conference that arrived while he happened to be in Cambridge for delivering a lecture elsewhere, he kindly invited me to a breakfast meeting on Sep 23^rd and an interview. It was an immense pleasure for me to meet Sir Chris Bonington in the courtyard of Corpus Christi College under the typical light English rain falling on us!

At breakfast he had 2 rashes of bacon and a sausage (can’t remember if he had any fried egg), grilled tomatoes, orange juice and a slice of toast (that he did not eat). Looking at my one tablet of weetabix, grilled tomatoe and some basked beans, he remarked on the type and small size of the breakfast.We had a most interesting discussion in the rooms after we both fiddled with the simple tripod mechanics, the digital camcorder that I had not used for four years and of course, the rather poor light. Like a true experienced mountaineer taking things in his stride, Chris thought that the natural light would be fine and we got on. Fortunately, he had the same Apple Laptop as mine, that had all the questions I was asked by Gustavo and Larry to put to Chris.

Amongst other things about AMS, nausea, fatigue, rate of climb, adaptation (that he thinks varies from person to person), in particular, Chris recalled about the blood getting ‘thicker’. In a sentence I described to him how oxygen getting rarer, the need for more oxygen, requests more Hb and thus more RBCs, triggered by EPO to make more RBCs! He surprised me by the extraordinary story of a climber’s hematocrit remarkably reaching as high ~70% and the attending physical having to remove 2 litres of blood ( that he, otherwise, believed, would have died) and administer saline!Because of my interests since 1960 in the viscosities of human blood in cardiovascular disease and red cell mass increase in climbers at high altitudes, I found this of particular interest.

At the end of the interview, he finally packed his roller bag and we walked for 4 min to my car for the 10 min drive to the rail station to catch the train to London and his home in Cumbria. We talked a little in the car about various things.Like any proud grandfather he showed me the photographs of his grand children and of course he asked me about my family.

His career has included nineteen expeditions to the Himalayas, including four to Mount Everest and the Bonington was part of the party that made the first British ascent of the South West Pillar of the Aiguille du Dru in 1958, and the first ascent of the Central Pillar of Freney on the south side of Mont Blanc in 1961 with Don Whillans, Ian Clough and Jan Dlugosz. In 1960 he was part of the successful joint the British-Indian-Nepalese forces expedition to Annapurna II. On leaving the British Army in 1961, he joined Van den Berghs, a division of Unilever. But he left after nine months, and became a professional mountaineer and explorer. In 1966 he was given his first assignment by the Daily Telegraph magazine to cover other expeditions, including – climbing Sangay in Ecuador; hunting Caribou with Eskimos on Baffin Island. In 1968 he accompanied Captain John Blashford-Snell and his British Army team in the attempt to make the first ever descent of the Blue Nile.

He has written fifteen books, made many television appearances, and received many honours, including, since January 2005, the chancelloship of Lancaster University.

He is honorary president of the Hiking Club and Lancaster University Mountaineering Club and has a boat named after him among Lancaster University Boat Club’s fleet. Furthermore he is the Honorary President of the British Orienteering Federation. He has lived in Cumbria with his wife, Wendy since 1974. He is a patron, and former president (1988-91), of the British Mountaineering Council (BMC). He succeeded Sir Edmund Hillary as the Honorary President of Mountain Wilderness, an international NGO dedicated to the worldwide protection of mountains. Noteworthy:

1970 Annapurna (south face), successful, summit reached by Haston and Whillans death of Ian Clough

1972 Mount Everest, (south-west face), unsuccessful

1975 Mount Everest (south-west face), successful, summit reached by Scott, Haston, Boardman, Pertemba Sherpa and Mick Burke; death of Burke

1978 K2 (west face), unsuccessful; death of Nick Escourt

1982 Mount Everest (north-east ridge), unsuccessful; death of Boardman and Tasker

Parts of this description has made use of the biography of Sir Chris Bonington on the

Website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Bonington that is duly acknowledged and Sir Chris Bonington also will have been consulted for the accuracy for which the writer Jay Mehrishi, the Director of High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute IPPA (Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja), the Chairman of the III Symposium on Chronic Hypoxia (Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo) and the President of International Society of Chronic Hypoxia ISCH, (Larry Silver) are thankful.

Chronic Hypoxia Symposium III now live on the Internet

admin — Tue, 31 Aug 2010 13:23:31 +0000

Hello dear friends and colleagues around the world:

You can now participate in our Symposium on the web, from your office or home with a Powerpoint presentation.

We are once more going to write history! And this time thanks to Larry Silver, President of the International Society of Chronic Hypoxia.

Why history? Because it is the first time a conference dealing with hypoxia will be held from high altitude sites through the internet. That is, from a chronic hypoxia environment where the PIO2 is 2/3 that of sea level in the city of La Paz, to all the scientists of the planet,through Webex, a CISCO Networking software, to environments where the oxygen tension is higher. This is of utmost importance as will be appreciated during the conferences.

Furthermore, you can easily imagine, the outstanding world exposure this will generate, a true leading edge future scientific trend!

We are working details with Larry and will get back to you with the rules of the game.

However, in the mean time, please prepare your abstracts in order to participate from your lab or your home anywhere on earth.

Send them to us as soon as possible as they will be available online at the symposium website. So do not loose your seat and this unique opportunity to become famous!
The Abstract Deadline has been moved to accommodate this new technology to Monday Sept 8th !! So you have an extra week.

The III Symposium on the Effect of Chronic Hypoxia
on Diseases at High Altitude
October 16-23, 2010
click here to go to the website

Remember, we are a different kind of symposium. We are open to any presentation. We don’t reject anyone. Everyone has an opportunity to express their ideas. Many great ideas are buried due to peer reviewers and groups that only publish their teams and reject others in spite of their great talent and production. But talent and creation are like an unsinkable buoy. They always surface even if you try to keep them underwater.
Dr. Jitendra Mehrishi from Cambridge University has joined us as scientific advisor and is boosting further the symposium. The conference is dedicated to the memory of Haldane-Barcroft.

We will be honored with the attendance of Dr. Giridhar J. Gyani, Secretary General of the Quality Council of India. His visit and activities are being coordinated by Dr. Thuppil Venkatesh, from St.John’s Medical College in Bangalore, India.

It will once more be an itinerant symposium, where talks are given in different altitude sites. You will learn of “life at high altitude” in different environments.

click here to read about it.

Forever: “Loss of Adaptation” does not exist!

admin — Thu, 22 Jul 2010 21:39:25 +0000

Forever: “Loss of Adaptation” does not exist!

Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo (Sr)

Honorary Director Español (mas abajo)

Instituto Pulmonar y Patología de la Altura IPPA

La Paz, Bolivia

AltitudeClinic.com

CMS, was described by Carlos Monge Medrano close to 90 years ago, He was unable to find an explanation for the signs and symptoms and chose to use the term “LOSS OF ADAPTATION”. This was originally accepted, but today it can be appreciated as lacking significance. And should stop being used.

Undoubtedly, CMS is a chronic hypoxic process resulting in an increase of hemoglobin, due to pulmonary lesions (fundamentally), that alter the pulmonary function, thereby reducing the oxihemoglobin saturation and stimulating the increase of red blood cells. This, essentially, in pulmonary lesions that are sequelae of diverse lung disease giving rise to intra-pulmonary shunts or uneven ventilation-perfusion. The term “LOSS OF ADAPTATION”, is even semantically inadequate, because in nature, living beings tend to adapt to different environments and circumstances. These could be: going to high altitude, temperature changes, solar radiation, UV radiation, diet changes, etc, etc . Consequently, to insist in contemporary medicine on the use of “LOSS OF ADAPTATION”, is not only a mistake, but rather foolishness!

On the other hand, if one is convinced as to the cause of a disease, where other scientists are in disagreement, it is futile to incur in the use of insults. In the International Chronic Mountain Sickness Consensus Group, you Fabiola Leon-Velarde, recurred to them in your e-mail on January 09, 2005 with the expression as follows:

“Third, we have agreed in Xining that any member of the group who have had a different opinion in any point, should send a letter to the Journal informing about the discrepancy. Of course, if any member of the group do not agreed at all with the Consensus, he should ask that his name is retired from the list of names, otherwise his letter will appear a little bit esquizofrenic.”

Please note that you misspelled the word… ”schizophrenia”. This is what happens when one is not a medical doctor and doesn’t have medical knowledge. You live in Lima, at sea level,and your brief visits to high altitude, give you no authority or experience on disease at high altitude. Through your attitude, you are confusing world researchers. This has to be said for the sake of truth. Your knowledge should be restricted to the spectrum provided by your occupations instead of persisting on the use of “loss of adaptation” in regards to CMS. To have written a book entitled “Desadaptation a las grandes Alturas” (Loss of adaptation to high altitude) is to insist and confirm that you hardly understand the basic concepts of nature. A grave mistake, with no return.

In reference to this article please read “Consensus statement on chronic and subacute high altitude diseases” ₍₁₎ . where we participated as a minority with an opposite standing versus “Loss of Adaptation”. We stated our concepts in regards to CMS within the aforementioned group (comments are available, on-line _(3,4).) In that group, there were many prestigious scientists, from around the globe, but most of them lacked knowledge about diseases at high altitude.

We urge the reader not to misinterpret us. We are not offended by the insult, and quite the contrary we laughed upon reading it as anecdotal. What we are doing here is setting things straight, for the sake of science. The term “loss of adaptation” is inadmissible as it does not explain an ethiopathogenesis.

We are so convinced, based on our fifty years of high altitude research and experience, that living beings not only adapt to life at 5000m, as it is well known, but rather even to 8842m at the summit of Monte Everest. There can be no doubt.

Similarly, pulmonary and cardiac patients in chronic hypoxic environments at high altitude, also adapt, hand in hand with their disease. Polyerythrocythemia, is one of the resulting hematologic mechanisms that allows for an increase of the oxygen content.

You, on purpose, as you have done before, exclude us from participating in the THE VIII WORLD CONGRESS ON HIGH ALTITUDE MEDICINE AND PHYSIOLOGY – CARLOS MONGE CASSINELLI. Congratulations for naming it after our dear friend Choclo. We remind you that we initiated these world congresses successfully, in Bolivia, back in 1994. We invited everyone dedicated to high altitude to attend, including yourself as you were Choclo’s collaborator.

We are now at our III CHRONIC HYPOXIA SYMPOSIUM in October 2010 in La Paz, Bolivia. You and everyone are invited to attend, with no restrictions, nor political interest groups, that often block the participation of some, that think different.

La Paz, March 11, 2010

———————————————————————————————-

Para siempre: La “Desadaptación a la Altura”: No existe !

Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo (Sr)

Director

Instituto Pulmonar y Patología de la Altura IPPA

La Paz, Bolivia

El Mal de Montaña Crónico (CMS), es un término inadecuado porque no explica la etiopatogenia de la enfermedad. Las enfermedades en la altura sufren el efecto de la hipoxia crónica. No existe el mal de montaña crónico sino las enfermedades pulmonares de diferente etiopatologia que van asociadas al aumento del hematocrito o polieritrocitemia.

Carlos Monge Medrano, describió admirablemente los síntomas y signos del Mal de Montaña Crónico. Al no encontrar una etiología adecuada, para esa época, utilizó el termino DESADAPTACION. Este término aceptado al principio, se puede comprobar que actualmente no tiene significación.

El síndrome de Mal de Montaña Crónico, se sabe actualmente, sin que pueda hacerse objeciones, es fundamentalmente, un proceso crónico hipóxico con un aumento del hematocrito. Esto debido a lesiones pulmonares que alteran la función respiratoria y que impiden la adecuada saturación de la sangre estimulando el aumento de los glóbulos rojos. Sobretodo es debido a secuelas de lesiones pulmonares de diversa etiología con shunt pulmonar y/o ventilación no uniforme. El termino desadaptación, es incluso semánticamente inadecuado porque en la naturaleza los seres biológicos tienden a la adaptación a diferentes medios y circunstancias. Como ser: cambio de altura, de temperatura, radiación solar, radiación UV, cambio de alimentación, etc, etc. De manera que insistir en la medicina contemporánea con el termino desadaptación, no solo es un error, sino una insensatez!

Por otra parte si uno tiene la convicción sobre las causas de alguna enfermedad, con la cual no están de acuerdo otros científicos, no es esto motivo, para que se recurra al insulto. La ecuanimidad esta en reconocer que uno puede equivocarse pero no tratar de imponer criterios recurriendo al insulto como lo esta haciendo Ud. Fabiola Leon Velarde.

Para referencia está la publicación “Consensus statement on chronic and subacute high altitude diseases”(1) donde participamos minoritariamente con una posición contraria a la Desadaptación.(3,4). Ese grupo de prestigiosos científicos de todo el mundo, tenian escaso conocimiento de las enfermedades en la altura.

Durante las reuniones previas en Jan09,2005, Ud. nos escribió:

Ojo, en Inglés se escribe “schizophrenia”.

Su audacia no tiene limites, porque Ud. no es medico y por lo tanto no sabe medicina. Ud. vive en Lima, a nivel del mar, y sus visitas esporádicas a la altura no le dan ninguna autoridad ni experiencia y esta confundiendo a los investigadores presentando estos casos. Sus conocimientos deberían estar limitados al espectro que le permitan sus ocupaciones y no tratar de insistir de que el mal de montaña es debido a “desadaptacion”. Haber escrito un libro titulado “Desadaptación a las grandes alturas” es insistir y confirmar que no se entiende los conceptos básicos de la naturaleza. Error cometido irremediablemente.

No nos ofende, ni causa resentimiento que Ud. en esa oportunidad, nos llamó esquizofrenicos, y sentimos por el contrario que es motivo de buen humor y anecdotico. Lo que estamos haciendo es afirmar que el termino desadaptación es inadmisible porque no explica ni señala una etiopatologia.

Estamos tan convencidos que el ser biológico no solo se adapta a la vida a los 5000m, sino hasta los 8842m en la cima del Monte Everest. No cabe duda… De igual forma los enfermos pulmonares o cardiacos en el ambiente hipóxico de la altura, también se adaptan con su enfermedad, resultando la polieritrocitemia, un mecanismo para aumentar el contenido de oxígeno.

Ud. nos excluye intencionalmente del VIII Congreso Mundial de Medicina y Fisiología de la Altura, cuya serie, nosotros iniciamos exitosamente en Bolivia el año 1994, al que invitamos cordialmente a todos dedicados a la altura, incluyéndola a Ud. por ser la colaboradora de nuestro amigo Carlos Monge Casinelli. Nos alegramos que el VIII sea en honor a nuestro amigo Choclo.

Nosotros tenemos el III Simposio del Efecto de La Hipoxia Crónica en las Enfermedades en la Altura en Octubre 2010, al cual queda Ud. Cordialmente invitada, aquí en La Paz. Todos están invitados a participar, sin restricciones, ni grupillos de interés político común, como frecuentemente ocurre bloqueando intencionalmente la participación de algunos, que opinan diferente.

A través de la historia, todos los seres vivientes evolucionan, para adaptarse a diferentes condiciones ambientales. Incluso la edad es una forma de evolución, que se dirige a finalizar un ciclo. Nunca va en sentido contrario. Este concepto de Desadaptacion es inaceptable.

La Paz, 11 de marzo de 2010

References

1) León-Velarde F, Maggiorini M, Reeves JT, Aldashev A, Asmus I, Bernardi L, Ge RL, Hackett P, Kobayashi T, Moore LG, Penaloza D, Richalet JP, Roach R, Wu T, Vargas E, Zubieta-Castillo G, Zubieta-Calleja G.

Consensus statement on chronic and subacute high altitude diseases.

High Alt Med Biol. 2005 Summer;6(2):147-57

2) Zubieta-Castillo G Sr, Zubieta-Calleja GR Jr, Zubieta-Calleja L.

Chronic mountain sickness: the reaction of physical disorders to chronic hypoxia.

J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;57 Suppl 4:431-42.

3) http://altitudeclinic.com/blog/2010/07/chronic-mountain-sickness-discussion-part-1/

4) http://altitudeclinic.com/blog/2010/07/chronic-mountain-sickness-discussion-part-2/